更新
：这是使用Cartopy的新版本，因为底图是EOL。以下是原始答案。

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import cartopy.crs as ccrs

img = plt.imread("/tmp/venuscyl4.tif")

plt.figure(figsize=(3, 3))

ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Orthographic(-10, 45))
ax.gridlines(color='black', linestyle='dotted')
ax.imshow(img, origin="upper", extent=(-180, 180, -90, 90),
          transform=ccrs.PlateCarree())  # Important

plt.show()

多亏了Raphael
Roth的回答，我终于找到了我想要的东西：底图方法warpimage。

这是一个非常小的例子。使用此金星柱形图，并根据菜谱的简单示例：

from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# set up orthographic map projection with
# perspective of satellite looking down at 50N, 100W.
# use low resolution coastlines.
# don't plot features that are smaller than 1000 square km.
bmap = Basemap(projection='ortho', lat_0 = 50, lon_0 = -100,
              resolution = 'l', area_thresh = 1000.)
# plot surface
bmap.warpimage(image='venuscyl4.jpg')
# draw the edge of the map projection region (the projection limb)
bmap.drawmapboundary()
# draw lat/lon grid lines every 30 degrees.
bmap.drawmeridians(np.arange(0, 360, 30))
bmap.drawparallels(np.arange(-90, 90, 30))
plt.show()