如何使用 java.net.URLConnection发出一个http请求?
首先先声明一下:发布的代码段都是基本示例。您需要处理琐碎的IOExceptions和RuntimeExceptions like NullPointerException,ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException然后自己整理。
IOExceptions
RuntimeExceptions like NullPointerException
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
我们首先至少需要知道URL和字符集。参数是可选的,取决于功能要求。
String url = "http://example.com"; String charset = "UTF-8"; // Or in Java 7 and later, use the constant: java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name() String param1 = "value1"; String param2 = "value2"; // ... String query = String.format("param1=%s¶m2=%s", URLEncoder.encode(param1, charset), URLEncoder.encode(param2, charset));
查询参数的name=value格式必须为,并由串联&。通常,您还可以使用指定的字符集对查询参数进行网址编码URLEncoder#encode()。
name=value
URLEncoder#encode()
该String#format()只是为方便起见。当我需要String串联运算符+两次以上时,我更喜欢它。
String#format()
这是一项微不足道的任务。这是默认的请求方法。
URLConnection connection = new URL(url + "?" + query).openConnection(); connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", charset); InputStream response = connection.getInputStream(); // ...
任何查询字符串都应使用串联到URL ?。该Accept-Charset标题可能暗示什么编码参数是在服务器中。如果你不发送任何查询字符串,那么你就可以离开了Accept-Charset头了。如果您不需要设置任何标题,那么甚至可以使用URL#openStream()快捷方式。
Accept-Charset
URL#openStream()
InputStream response = new URL(url).openStream(); // ...
无论哪种方式,如果另一侧是a HttpServlet,则将doGet()调用其方法,并且参数将通过提供HttpServletRequest#getParameter()。
HttpServlet
doGet()
HttpServletRequest#getParameter()
为了进行测试,您可以将响应正文打印到stdout,如下所示:
try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(response)) { String responseBody = scanner.useDelimiter("\\A").next(); System.out.println(responseBody); }
设置为URLConnection#setDoOutput()会true隐式将请求方法设置为POST。与Web表单一样,标准HTTP POST的类型是application/x-www-form-urlencoded将查询字符串写入请求正文。
URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); connection.setDoOutput(true); // Triggers POST. connection.setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", charset); connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=" + charset); try (OutputStream output = connection.getOutputStream()) { output.write(query.getBytes(charset)); } InputStream response = connection.getInputStream(); // ...
注意:每当您要以编程方式提交HTML表单时,请不要忘记将name=value任何<input type="hidden">元素对都放入查询字符串中,当然也要将要通过编程“按” name=value的<input type="submit">元素对(因为通常用于服务器端,以区分是否按下了按钮,如果按下了,则区分哪个按钮。
<input type="hidden">
<input type="submit">
您也可以将获得的内容转换URLConnection为,HttpURLConnection并改用它HttpURLConnection#setRequestMethod()。但是,如果您尝试将连接用于输出,则仍需要设置URLConnection#setDoOutput()为true。
URLConnection
HttpURLConnection
HttpURLConnection#setRequestMethod()
URLConnection#setDoOutput()
HttpURLConnection httpConnection = (HttpURLConnection) new URL(url).openConnection(); httpConnection.setRequestMethod("POST"); // ...
无论哪种方式,如果另一侧是a HttpServlet,则将doPost()调用其方法,并且参数将通过提供HttpServletRequest#getParameter()。
您可以使用显式触发HTTP请求[URLConnection#connect()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/URLConnection.html#connect%28%29),但是当您想要获取有关HTTP响应的任何信息(例如使用的响应主体等)时,请求将自动按需触发[URLConnection#getInputStream()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/URLConnection.html#getInputStream%28%29)。上面的示例正是这样做的,因此该connect()调用实际上是多余的。
[URLConnection#connect()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/URLConnection.html#connect%28%29)
[URLConnection#getInputStream()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/URLConnection.html#getInputStream%28%29)
connect()
收集HTTP响应信息
1.HTTP响应状态:
您需要HttpURLConnection这里。如有必要,请先投放。
int status = httpConnection.getResponseCode();
2.HTTP响应标头:
for (Entry<String, List<String>> header : connection.getHeaderFields().entrySet()) { System.out.println(header.getKey() + "=" + header.getValue()); }
3.HTTP响应编码:
当Content-Type包含一个charset参数时,响应主体可能是基于文本的,因此我们想使用服务器端指定的字符编码来处理响应主体。
Content-Type
charset
String contentType = connection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"); String charset = null; for (String param : contentType.replace(" ", "").split(";")) { if (param.startsWith("charset=")) { charset = param.split("=", 2)[1]; break; } } if (charset != null) { try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(response, charset))) { for (String line; (line = reader.readLine()) != null;) { // ... System.out.println(line) ? } } } else { // It's likely binary content, use InputStream/OutputStream. }
服务器端会话通常由cookie支持。某些Web表单要求您登录和/或由会话跟踪。您可以使用CookieHandlerAPI维护cookie。你需要准备一个CookieManager具有CookiePolicy中ACCEPT_ALL发送所有HTTP请求之前。
// First set the default cookie manager. CookieHandler.setDefault(new CookieManager(null, CookiePolicy.ACCEPT_ALL)); // All the following subsequent URLConnections will use the same cookie manager. URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); // ... connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); // ... connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); // ...
请注意,这并非总是在所有情况下都能正常工作。如果对您失败,那么最好是手动收集并设置Cookie标头。基本上,您需要Set-Cookie从登录或第一个GET请求的响应中获取所有标头,然后将其传递给后续请求。
// Gather all cookies on the first request. URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); List<String> cookies = connection.getHeaderFields().get("Set-Cookie"); // ... // Then use the same cookies on all subsequent requests. connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); for (String cookie : cookies) { connection.addRequestProperty("Cookie", cookie.split(";", 2)[0]); } // ...
该split(";", 2)[0]是有摆脱它们是无关的服务器端如cookie的属性expires,path等等。另外,你也可以使用cookie.substring(0, cookie.indexOf(';'))替代的split()。
split(";", 2)[0]
expires
path
cookie.substring(0, cookie.indexOf(';'))
split()
[HttpURLConnection](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/HttpURLConnection.html)默认情况下,will会在实际发送请求之前缓冲整个请求正文,无论您是否使用设置了固定的内容长度connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", contentLength);。OutOfMemoryException每当您同时发送大型POST请求(例如,上传文件)时,这可能会导致。为避免这种情况,您想设置[HttpURLConnection#setFixedLengthStreamingMode()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/HttpURLConnection.html#setFixedLengthStreamingMode%28int%29)。
[HttpURLConnection](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/HttpURLConnection.html)
connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Length", contentLength)
OutOfMemoryException
[HttpURLConnection#setFixedLengthStreamingMode()](http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/net/HttpURLConnection.html#setFixedLengthStreamingMode%28int%29)
httpConnection.setFixedLengthStreamingMode(contentLength);
但是,如果确实事先不知道内容长度,则可以通过设置HttpURLConnection#setChunkedStreamingMode()相应的值来使用分块流模式。这将设置HTTP Transfer-Encoding标头,以chunked强制将请求正文以块的形式发送。以下示例将以1KB的块发送正文。
httpConnection.setChunkedStreamingMode(1024);
请求可能会返回意外响应,而在真正的Web浏览器中却可以正常工作。服务器端可能正在根据User-Agent请求标头阻止请求。URLConnection默认情况下,will将其设置Java/1.6.0_19为最后一部分显然是JRE版本的位置。您可以按如下所示覆盖它:
connection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/41.0.2228.0 Safari/537.36"); // Do as if you're using Chrome 41 on Windows 7.
使用最新浏览器中的User-Agent字符串。
如果HTTP响应代码是4nn(客户端错误)或5nn(服务器错误),则您可能需要阅读,HttpURLConnection#getErrorStream()以查看服务器是否发送了任何有用的错误信息。
4nn
5nn
HttpURLConnection#getErrorStream()
InputStream error = ((HttpURLConnection) connection).getErrorStream();
如果HTTP响应代码为-1,则连接和响应处理出错。该HttpURLConnection实现是在较旧的JRE中进行的,有些bug会使连接保持活动状态。您可能需要通过将http.keepAlivesystem属性设置为来关闭它false。您可以通过以下方式在应用程序的开头以编程方式执行此操作:
http.keepAlivesystem
System.setProperty("http.keepAlive", "false");
通常,multipart/form-data对混合的POST内容(二进制和字符数据)使用编码。编码在RFC2388中有更详细的描述。
String param = "value"; File textFile = new File("/path/to/file.txt"); File binaryFile = new File("/path/to/file.bin"); String boundary = Long.toHexString(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Just generate some unique random value. String CRLF = "\r\n"; // Line separator required by multipart/form-data. URLConnection connection = new URL(url).openConnection(); connection.setDoOutput(true); connection.setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + boundary); try ( OutputStream output = connection.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(output, charset), true); ) { // Send normal param. writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"param\"").append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" + charset).append(CRLF); writer.append(CRLF).append(param).append(CRLF).flush(); // Send text file. writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"textFile\"; filename=\"" + textFile.getName() + "\"").append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Type: text/plain; charset=" + charset).append(CRLF); // Text file itself must be saved in this charset! writer.append(CRLF).flush(); Files.copy(textFile.toPath(), output); output.flush(); // Important before continuing with writer! writer.append(CRLF).flush(); // CRLF is important! It indicates end of boundary. // Send binary file. writer.append("--" + boundary).append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"binaryFile\"; filename=\"" + binaryFile.getName() + "\"").append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Type: " + URLConnection.guessContentTypeFromName(binaryFile.getName())).append(CRLF); writer.append("Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary").append(CRLF); writer.append(CRLF).flush(); Files.copy(binaryFile.toPath(), output); output.flush(); // Important before continuing with writer! writer.append(CRLF).flush(); // CRLF is important! It indicates end of boundary. // End of multipart/form-data. writer.append("--" + boundary + "--").append(CRLF).flush(); }
如果另一侧是HttpServlet,则将doPost()调用其方法,并且将通过HttpServletRequest#getPart()(请注意,因此不是 getParameter(),依此类推!)来提供部件。getPart()但是,该方法相对较新,它是在Servlet 3.0中引入的(Glassfish 3,Tomcat 7等)。在Servlet 3.0之前,您最好的选择是使用Apache Commons FileUpload解析multipart/form-data请求。另请参见此答案,以获取FileUpload和Servelt 3.0方法的示例。
HttpServletRequest#getPart()
getParameter()
getPart()
multipart/form-data
有时您需要连接HTTPS URL,这可能是因为您正在编写网络抓取工具。在这种情况下,您可能会遇到javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Not trusted server certificate在某些HTTPS站点上未保持其SSL证书最新的状态,java.security.cert.CertificateException: No subject alternative DNS name matching [hostname] found或者javax.net.ssl.SSLProtocolException: handshake alert: unrecognized_name在某些配置错误的HTTPS站点上面临或。
javax.net.ssl.SSLException: Not trusted server certificate
java.security.cert.CertificateException: No subject alternative DNS name matching [hostname] found
javax.net.ssl.SSLProtocolException: handshake alert: unrecognized_name
staticWeb爬网程序类中的以下一次性运行初始化程序应使HttpsURLConnection那些HTTPS站点更为宽松,因此不再抛出这些异常。
staticWeb
static { TrustManager[] trustAllCertificates = new TrustManager[] { new X509TrustManager() { @Override public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { return null; // Not relevant. } @Override public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) { // Do nothing. Just allow them all. } @Override public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) { // Do nothing. Just allow them all. } } }; HostnameVerifier trustAllHostnames = new HostnameVerifier() { @Override public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) { return true; // Just allow them all. } }; try { System.setProperty("jsse.enableSNIExtension", "false"); SSLContext sc = SSLContext.getInstance("SSL"); sc.init(null, trustAllCertificates, new SecureRandom()); HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sc.getSocketFactory()); HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(trustAllHostnames); } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) { throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e); } }