您可以完成UNPIVOT。如果您知道已知的列数，则可以对值进行硬编码：

select Country_Code, year, value
from yourtable
unpivot
(
  value 
  for year in ([1960], [1961], [1962], [2011])
) u

参见带有演示的SQL Fiddle

如果列数未知，则可以使用动态sql：

DECLARE @colsUnpivot AS NVARCHAR(MAX),
   @query  AS NVARCHAR(MAX)

select @colsUnpivot = stuff((select ','+quotename(C.name)
         from sys.columns as C
         where C.object_id = object_id('yourtable') and
               C.name != 'Country_Code'
         for xml path('')), 1, 1, '')

set @query 
  = 'select country_code, year, value
     from yourtable
     unpivot
     (
        value
        for year in ('+ @colsunpivot +')
     ) u'

exec(@query)

参见带有演示的SQL Fiddle

您甚至可以使用UNION ALL：

select country_code, '1960' year, 1960 value
from yourtable
union all
select country_code, '1961' year, 1961 value
from yourtable
union all
select country_code, '1962' year, 1962 value
from yourtable
union all
select country_code, '2011' year, 2011 value
from yourtable