小编典典

您如何与您的证书颁发机构签署证书签名请求?

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在搜索过程中,我发现了几种签署 SSL 证书签名请求的方法:

  1. 使用x509模块:

    openssl x509 -req -days 360 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt
    
  2. 使用ca模块:

    openssl ca -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -in server.csr -out server.crt
    

注意:我不确定是否使用了正确的参数。如果我要使用它,请告知正确的用法。

应该使用哪种方式与您的证书颁发机构签署证书请求?一种方法是否比另一种更好(例如,一种方法已被弃用)?


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2022-05-25

共1个答案

小编典典

1. Using the x509 module
openssl x509 ...
...

2 Using the ca module
openssl ca ...
...

你错过了这些命令的前奏。

这是一个两步过程。首先设置 CA,然后签署最终实体证书(也称为服务器或用户)。这两个命令都将两个步骤合二为一。两者都假设您已经为 CA
和服务器(终端实体)证书设置了一个 OpenSSL 配置文件。


首先,创建一个基本配置文件

$ touch openssl-ca.cnf

然后,将以下内容添加到其中:

HOME            = .
RANDFILE        = $ENV::HOME/.rnd

####################################################################
[ ca ]
default_ca    = CA_default      # The default ca section

[ CA_default ]

default_days     = 1000         # How long to certify for
default_crl_days = 30           # How long before next CRL
default_md       = sha256       # Use public key default MD
preserve         = no           # Keep passed DN ordering

x509_extensions = ca_extensions # The extensions to add to the cert

email_in_dn     = no            # Don't concat the email in the DN
copy_extensions = copy          # Required to copy SANs from CSR to cert

####################################################################
[ req ]
default_bits       = 4096
default_keyfile    = cakey.pem
distinguished_name = ca_distinguished_name
x509_extensions    = ca_extensions
string_mask        = utf8only

####################################################################
[ ca_distinguished_name ]
countryName         = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default = US

stateOrProvinceName         = State or Province Name (full name)
stateOrProvinceName_default = Maryland

localityName                = Locality Name (eg, city)
localityName_default        = Baltimore

organizationName            = Organization Name (eg, company)
organizationName_default    = Test CA, Limited

organizationalUnitName         = Organizational Unit (eg, division)
organizationalUnitName_default = Server Research Department

commonName         = Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name)
commonName_default = Test CA

emailAddress         = Email Address
emailAddress_default = test@example.com

####################################################################
[ ca_extensions ]

subjectKeyIdentifier   = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always, issuer
basicConstraints       = critical, CA:true
keyUsage               = keyCertSign, cRLSign

上面的字段取自更复杂的字段openssl.cnf(您可以在 中找到它/usr/lib/openssl.cnf),但我认为它们是创建 CA
证书和私钥的必需品。

调整上面的字段以适应您的口味。默认设置可以节省您在尝试配置文件和命令选项时输入相同信息的时间。

我省略了与 CRL 相关的内容,但您的 CA 操作应该有它们。请参阅openssl.cnf和相关crl_ext部分。

然后,执行以下操作。-nodes省略密码或密码,以便您可以检查证书。省略密码或密码短语是一个 非常 糟糕的主意。

$ openssl req -x509 -config openssl-ca.cnf -newkey rsa:4096 -sha256 -nodes -out cacert.pem -outform PEM

命令执行后,cacert.pem将是您用于 CA 操作的证书,并且cakey.pem将是私钥。回想一下,私钥 没有 密码或密码。

您可以使用以下内容转储证书。

$ openssl x509 -in cacert.pem -text -noout
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 11485830970703032316 (0x9f65de69ceef2ffc)
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Jan 24 14:24:11 2014 GMT
            Not After : Feb 23 14:24:11 2014 GMT
        Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (4096 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:b1:7f:29:be:78:02:b8:56:54:2d:2c:ec:ff:6d:
                    ...
                    39:f9:1e:52:cb:8e:bf:8b:9e:a6:93:e1:22:09:8b:
                    59:05:9f
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                4A:9A:F3:10:9E:D7:CF:54:79:DE:46:75:7A:B0:D0:C1:0F:CF:C1:8A
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:4A:9A:F3:10:9E:D7:CF:54:79:DE:46:75:7A:B0:D0:C1:0F:CF:C1:8A

            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Key Usage:
                Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         4a:6f:1f:ac:fd:fb:1e:a4:6d:08:eb:f5:af:f6:1e:48:a5:c7:
         ...
         cd:c6:ac:30:f9:15:83:41:c1:d1:20:fa:85:e7:4f:35:8f:b5:
         38:ff:fd:55:68:2c:3e:37

并使用以下内容测试其目的(不要担心Any Purpose: Yes; 请参阅“critical,CA:FALSE”但“Any Purpose CA :
Yes”
)。

$ openssl x509 -purpose -in cacert.pem -inform PEM
Certificate purposes:
SSL client : No
SSL client CA : Yes
SSL server : No
SSL server CA : Yes
Netscape SSL server : No
Netscape SSL server CA : Yes
S/MIME signing : No
S/MIME signing CA : Yes
S/MIME encryption : No
S/MIME encryption CA : Yes
CRL signing : Yes
CRL signing CA : Yes
Any Purpose : Yes
Any Purpose CA : Yes
OCSP helper : Yes
OCSP helper CA : Yes
Time Stamp signing : No
Time Stamp signing CA : Yes
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIFpTCCA42gAwIBAgIJAJ9l3mnO7y/8MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMGExCzAJBgNV
...
aQUtFrV4hpmJUaQZ7ySr/RjCb4KYkQpTkOtKJOU1Ic3GrDD5FYNBwdEg+oXnTzWP
tTj//VVoLD43
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

对于第二部分,我将创建另一个易于理解的配置文件。首先,touchopenssl-server.cnf您也可以为用户证书制作其中之一)。

$ touch openssl-server.cnf

然后打开它,并添加以下内容。

HOME            = .
RANDFILE        = $ENV::HOME/.rnd

####################################################################
[ req ]
default_bits       = 2048
default_keyfile    = serverkey.pem
distinguished_name = server_distinguished_name
req_extensions     = server_req_extensions
string_mask        = utf8only

####################################################################
[ server_distinguished_name ]
countryName         = Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default = US

stateOrProvinceName         = State or Province Name (full name)
stateOrProvinceName_default = MD

localityName         = Locality Name (eg, city)
localityName_default = Baltimore

organizationName            = Organization Name (eg, company)
organizationName_default    = Test Server, Limited

commonName           = Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name)
commonName_default   = Test Server

emailAddress         = Email Address
emailAddress_default = test@example.com

####################################################################
[ server_req_extensions ]

subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
basicConstraints     = CA:FALSE
keyUsage             = digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName       = @alternate_names
nsComment            = "OpenSSL Generated Certificate"

####################################################################
[ alternate_names ]

DNS.1  = example.com
DNS.2  = www.example.com
DNS.3  = mail.example.com
DNS.4  = ftp.example.com

如果您正在开发并需要将工作站用作服务器,那么您可能需要对 Chrome 执行以下操作。否则Chrome 可能会抱怨 Common Name is
invalid (
ERR_CERT_COMMON_NAME_INVALID)
。在这种情况下,我不确定 SAN 中的 IP 地址和 CN 之间的关系是什么。

# IPv4 localhost
IP.1     = 127.0.0.1

# IPv6 localhost
IP.2     = ::1

然后,创建服务器证书请求。一定要 省略 -x509*. 添加-x509将创建一个证书,而不是一个请求。

$ openssl req -config openssl-server.cnf -newkey rsa:2048 -sha256 -nodes -out servercert.csr -outform PEM

此命令执行后,您将有一个请求 inservercert.csr和一个私钥 in serverkey.pem

你可以再次检查它。

$ openssl req -text -noout -verify -in servercert.csr
Certificate:
    verify OK
    Certificate Request:
        Version: 0 (0x0)
        Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test Server/emailAddress=test@example.com
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:ce:3d:58:7f:a0:59:92:aa:7c:a0:82:dc:c9:6d:
                    ...
                    f9:5e:0c:ba:84:eb:27:0d:d9:e7:22:5d:fe:e5:51:
                    86:e1
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        Attributes:
        Requested Extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                1F:09:EF:79:9A:73:36:C1:80:52:60:2D:03:53:C7:B6:BD:63:3B:61
            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
                CA:FALSE
            X509v3 Key Usage:
                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                DNS:example.com, DNS:www.example.com, DNS:mail.example.com, DNS:ftp.example.com
            Netscape Comment:
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         6d:e8:d3:85:b3:88:d4:1a:80:9e:67:0d:37:46:db:4d:9a:81:
         ...
         76:6a:22:0a:41:45:1f:e2:d6:e4:8f:a1:ca:de:e5:69:98:88:
         a9:63:d0:a7

接下来,您必须使用您的 CA 对其进行签名。


您几乎已准备好由您的 CA 签署服务器证书。CAopenssl-ca.cnf在发出命令之前还需要两个部分。

首先,打开openssl-ca.cnf并添加以下两个部分。

####################################################################
[ signing_policy ]
countryName            = optional
stateOrProvinceName    = optional
localityName           = optional
organizationName       = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName             = supplied
emailAddress           = optional

####################################################################
[ signing_req ]
subjectKeyIdentifier   = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
basicConstraints       = CA:FALSE
keyUsage               = digitalSignature, keyEncipherment

其次,将以下内容添加[ CA_default ]openssl-ca.cnf.
我之前把它们排除在外,因为它们会使事情复杂化(当时它们还没有被使用)。现在你会看到它们是如何被使用的,所以希望它们是有意义的。

base_dir      = .
certificate   = $base_dir/cacert.pem   # The CA certifcate
private_key   = $base_dir/cakey.pem    # The CA private key
new_certs_dir = $base_dir              # Location for new certs after signing
database      = $base_dir/index.txt    # Database index file
serial        = $base_dir/serial.txt   # The current serial number

unique_subject = no  # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
                     # several certificates with same subject.

三、触摸index.txtserial.txt

$ touch index.txt
$ echo '01' > serial.txt

然后,执行以下操作:

$ openssl ca -config openssl-ca.cnf -policy signing_policy -extensions signing_req -out servercert.pem -infiles servercert.csr

您应该看到类似于以下内容:

Using configuration from openssl-ca.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName           :PRINTABLE:'US'
stateOrProvinceName   :ASN.1 12:'MD'
localityName          :ASN.1 12:'Baltimore'
commonName            :ASN.1 12:'Test CA'
emailAddress          :IA5STRING:'test@example.com'
Certificate is to be certified until Oct 20 16:12:39 2016 GMT (1000 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:Y

1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]Y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated

命令执行后,您将在servercert.pem. 私钥是较早创建的,可在serverkey.pem.

最后,您可以使用以下内容检查新铸造的证书:

$ openssl x509 -in servercert.pem -text -noout
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 9 (0x9)
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test CA/emailAddress=test@example.com
        Validity
            Not Before: Jan 24 19:07:36 2014 GMT
            Not After : Oct 20 19:07:36 2016 GMT
        Subject: C=US, ST=MD, L=Baltimore, CN=Test Server
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:ce:3d:58:7f:a0:59:92:aa:7c:a0:82:dc:c9:6d:
                    ...
                    f9:5e:0c:ba:84:eb:27:0d:d9:e7:22:5d:fe:e5:51:
                    86:e1
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                1F:09:EF:79:9A:73:36:C1:80:52:60:2D:03:53:C7:B6:BD:63:3B:61
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:42:15:F2:CA:9C:B1:BB:F5:4C:2C:66:27:DA:6D:2E:5F:BA:0F:C5:9E

            X509v3 Basic Constraints:
                CA:FALSE
            X509v3 Key Usage:
                Digital Signature, Key Encipherment
            X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
                DNS:example.com, DNS:www.example.com, DNS:mail.example.com, DNS:ftp.example.com
            Netscape Comment:
                OpenSSL Generated Certificate
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
         b1:40:f6:34:f4:38:c8:57:d4:b6:08:f7:e2:71:12:6b:0e:4a:
         ...
         45:71:06:a9:86:b6:0f:6d:8d:e1:c5:97:8d:fd:59:43:e9:3c:
         56:a5:eb:c8:7e:9f:6b:7a

之前,您将以下内容添加到CA_default: copy_extensions = copy。这复制了提出请求的人提供的扩展名。

如果您省略copy_extensions = copy,那么您的服务器证书将缺少主题备用名称
(SAN),例如www.example.commail.example.com

如果您使用copy_extensions = copy,但不查看请求,则请求者可能会诱骗您签署诸如从属根(而不是服务器或用户证书)之类的东西。这意味着他/她将能够铸造链接回您信任的根的证书。请务必openssl req -verify在签名前验证请求。


如果您 省略 unique_subject或将其设置为yes,那么您将只能在主题的专有名称下创建 一个 证书。

unique_subject = yes            # Set to 'no' to allow creation of
                                # several ctificates with same subject.

在尝试使用 CA 的私钥签署服务器证书时,尝试创建第二个证书将导致以下结果:

Sign the certificate? [y/n]:Y
failed to update database
TXT_DB error number 2

所以unique_subject = no非常适合测试。


如果要确保自签名 CA、 从属 CA最终实体证书之间的 组织名称 一致,请将以下内容添加到您的 CA 配置文件中:

[ policy_match ]
organizationName = match

如果要允许更改 组织名称,请使用:

[ policy_match ]
organizationName = supplied

关于在 X.509/PKIX 证书中处理 DNS 名称还有其他规则。有关规则,请参阅这些文档:

列出了 RFC 6797 和 RFC 7469,因为它们比其他 RFC 和 CA/B 文档更严格。RFC 的 6797 和 7469 也不允许 IP
地址。

2022-05-25