我在Ubuntu 9.10 x86_64上安装了二进制Linux应用程序。该应用程序附带了旧版本的gzip（1.2.4），该版本已针对较旧的内核进行了编译：
$ file gzip gzip: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.0.0, stripped
我无法执行该程序。如果我尝试过，就会发生这种情况：
$ ./gzip -bash: ./gzip: No such file or directory
ldd同样对此二进制文件不满意：
$ ldd gzip not a dynamic executable
我很好奇：此问题最可能的根源是什么？文件损坏了吗？还是由于为较旧的{kernel，libc，…}构建而导致二进制不兼容？
Per nos的建议，这是的输出strace ./gzip：
strace ./gzip
execve("./gzip", ["./gzip"], [/* 24 vars */]) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) dup(2) = 3 fcntl(3, F_GETFL) = 0x8002 (flags O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE) fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 10), ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7fa8c9eee000 lseek(3, 0, SEEK_CUR) = -1 ESPIPE (Illegal seek) write(3, "strace: exec: No such file or di"..., 40strace: exec: No such file or directory ) = 40 close(3) = 0 munmap(0x7fa8c9eee000, 4096) = 0 exit_group(1) = ?
这是的输出readelf -a ./gzip：
readelf -a ./gzip
ELF Header: Magic: 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Class: ELF32 Data: 2's complement, little endian Version: 1 (current) OS/ABI: UNIX - System V ABI Version: 0 Type: EXEC (Executable file) Machine: Intel 80386 Version: 0x1 Entry point address: 0x8048d20 Start of program headers: 52 (bytes into file) Start of section headers: 46852 (bytes into file) Flags: 0x0 Size of this header: 52 (bytes) Size of program headers: 32 (bytes) Number of program headers: 6 Size of section headers: 40 (bytes) Number of section headers: 26 Section header string table index: 25 Section Headers: [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al [ 0] NULL 00000000 000000 000000 00 0 0 0 [ 1] .interp PROGBITS 080480f4 0000f4 000013 00 A 0 0 1 [ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 08048108 000108 000020 00 A 0 0 4 [ 3] .hash HASH 08048128 000128 000178 04 A 4 0 4 [ 4] .dynsym DYNSYM 080482a0 0002a0 000370 10 A 5 1 4 [ 5] .dynstr STRTAB 08048610 000610 0001ee 00 A 0 0 1 [ 6] .gnu.version VERSYM 080487fe 0007fe 00006e 02 A 4 0 2 [ 7] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 0804886c 00086c 000030 00 A 5 1 4 [ 8] .rel.got REL 0804889c 00089c 000008 08 A 4 20 4 [ 9] .rel.bss REL 080488a4 0008a4 000030 08 A 4 22 4 [10] .rel.plt REL 080488d4 0008d4 000158 08 A 4 12 4 [11] .init PROGBITS 08048a2c 000a2c 00002f 00 AX 0 0 4 [12] .plt PROGBITS 08048a5c 000a5c 0002c0 04 AX 0 0 4 [13] .text PROGBITS 08048d20 000d20 007f4c 00 AX 0 0 16 [14] .fini PROGBITS 08050c6c 008c6c 00001a 00 AX 0 0 4 [15] .rodata PROGBITS 08050ca0 008ca0 001751 00 A 0 0 32 [16] .data PROGBITS 08053400 00a400 000ab4 00 WA 0 0 32 [17] .eh_frame PROGBITS 08053eb4 00aeb4 000004 00 WA 0 0 4 [18] .ctors PROGBITS 08053eb8 00aeb8 000008 00 WA 0 0 4 [19] .dtors PROGBITS 08053ec0 00aec0 000008 00 WA 0 0 4 [20] .got PROGBITS 08053ec8 00aec8 0000bc 04 WA 0 0 4 [21] .dynamic DYNAMIC 08053f84 00af84 0000a0 08 WA 5 0 4 [22] .bss NOBITS 08054040 00b040 050630 00 WA 0 0 32 [23] .comment PROGBITS 00000000 00b040 000487 00 0 0 1 [24] .note NOTE 00000487 00b4c7 00017c 00 0 0 1 [25] .shstrtab STRTAB 00000000 00b643 0000be 00 0 0 1 Key to Flags: W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings) I (info), L (link order), G (group), x (unknown) O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific) There are no section groups in this file. Program Headers: Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align PHDR 0x000034 0x08048034 0x08048034 0x000c0 0x000c0 R E 0x4 INTERP 0x0000f4 0x080480f4 0x080480f4 0x00013 0x00013 R 0x1 [Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2] LOAD 0x000000 0x08048000 0x08048000 0x0a3f1 0x0a3f1 R E 0x1000 LOAD 0x00a400 0x08053400 0x08053400 0x00c24 0x51270 RW 0x1000 DYNAMIC 0x00af84 0x08053f84 0x08053f84 0x000a0 0x000a0 RW 0x4 NOTE 0x000108 0x08048108 0x08048108 0x00020 0x00020 R 0x4 Section to Segment mapping: Segment Sections... 00 01 .interp 02 .interp .note.ABI-tag .hash .dynsym .dynstr .gnu.version .gnu.version_r .rel.got .rel.bss .rel.plt .init .plt .text .fini .rodata 03 .data .eh_frame .ctors .dtors .got .dynamic .bss 04 .dynamic 05 .note.ABI-tag Dynamic section at offset 0xaf84 contains 20 entries: Tag Type Name/Value 0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6] 0x0000000c (INIT) 0x8048a2c 0x0000000d (FINI) 0x8050c6c 0x00000004 (HASH) 0x8048128 0x00000005 (STRTAB) 0x8048610 0x00000006 (SYMTAB) 0x80482a0 0x0000000a (STRSZ) 474 (bytes) 0x0000000b (SYMENT) 16 (bytes) 0x00000015 (DEBUG) 0x0 0x00000003 (PLTGOT) 0x8053ec8 0x00000002 (PLTRELSZ) 344 (bytes) 0x00000014 (PLTREL) REL 0x00000017 (JMPREL) 0x80488d4 0x00000011 (REL) 0x804889c 0x00000012 (RELSZ) 56 (bytes) 0x00000013 (RELENT) 8 (bytes) 0x6ffffffe (VERNEED) 0x804886c 0x6fffffff (VERNEEDNUM) 1 0x6ffffff0 (VERSYM) 0x80487fe 0x00000000 (NULL) 0x0 Relocation section '.rel.got' at offset 0x89c contains 1 entries: Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name 08053f80 00000106 R_386_GLOB_DAT 00000000 __gmon_start__ Relocation section '.rel.bss' at offset 0x8a4 contains 6 entries: Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name 08054040 00000505 R_386_COPY 08054040 stdout 08054044 00002705 R_386_COPY 08054044 stderr 08054048 00000805 R_386_COPY 08054048 __ctype_b 0805404c 00001f05 R_386_COPY 0805404c stdin 08054050 00001005 R_386_COPY 08054050 optarg 08054054 00001e05 R_386_COPY 08054054 optind Relocation section '.rel.plt' at offset 0x8d4 contains 43 entries: Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name 08053ed4 00000307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a6c chown 08053ed8 00003407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a7c __register_frame_info 08053edc 00001907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a8c write 08053ee0 00002e07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048a9c fileno 08053ee4 00002607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048aac strcmp 08053ee8 00003507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048abc close 08053eec 00000d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048acc perror 08053ef0 00001a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048adc fprintf 08053ef4 00000907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048aec getenv 08053ef8 00002007 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048afc signal 08053efc 00001207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b0c fflush 08053f00 00002407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b1c unlink 08053f04 00002a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b2c __errno_location 08053f08 00001407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b3c chmod 08053f0c 00000e07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b4c malloc 08053f10 00001d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b5c __deregister_frame_inf 08053f14 00002907 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b6c __xstat 08053f18 00000b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b7c fgets 08053f1c 00002c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b8c __fxstat 08053f20 00001507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048b9c __lxstat 08053f24 00000a07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bac __strtol_internal 08053f28 00002207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bbc strncmp 08053f2c 00003007 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bcc __libc_start_main 08053f30 00001c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bdc strcat 08053f34 00000407 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bec printf 08053f38 00001307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048bfc lseek 08053f3c 00000c07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c0c memcpy 08053f40 00001607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c1c strrchr 08053f44 00001b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c2c ctime 08053f48 00000707 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c3c getopt_long 08053f4c 00003207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c4c closedir 08053f50 00002507 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c5c opendir 08053f54 00003107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c6c open 08053f58 00002b07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c7c exit 08053f5c 00001807 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c8c calloc 08053f60 00002d07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048c9c _IO_putc 08053f64 00003607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cac free 08053f68 00000607 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cbc utime 08053f6c 00000f07 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048ccc isatty 08053f70 00002307 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cdc strncpy 08053f74 00001107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cec readdir 08053f78 00002107 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048cfc read 08053f7c 00000207 R_386_JUMP_SLOT 08048d0c strcpy There are no unwind sections in this file. Symbol table '.dynsym' contains 55 entries: Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name 0: 00000000 0 NOTYPE LOCAL DEFAULT UND 1: 00000000 0 NOTYPE WEAK DEFAULT UND __gmon_start__ 2: 08048d0c 34 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strcpy@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 3: 08048a6c 136 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND chown@GLIBC_2.1 (2) 4: 08048bec 41 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND printf@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 5: 08054040 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 stdout@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 6: 08048cbc 59 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND utime@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 7: 08048c3c 43 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND getopt_long@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 8: 08054048 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 __ctype_b@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 9: 08048aec 224 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND getenv@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 10: 08048bac 1106 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __strtol_internal@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 11: 08048b7c 202 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND fgets@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 12: 08048c0c 62 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND memcpy@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 13: 08048acc 111 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND perror@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 14: 08048b4c 338 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND malloc@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 15: 08048ccc 46 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND isatty@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 16: 08054050 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 optarg@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 17: 08048cec 142 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND readdir@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 18: 08048b0c 152 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND fflush@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 19: 08048bfc 61 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND lseek@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 20: 08048b3c 59 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND chmod@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 21: 08048b9c 314 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __lxstat@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 22: 08048c1c 441 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strrchr@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 23: 0804f608 29 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 basename 24: 08048c8c 563 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND calloc@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 25: 08048a8c 61 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND write@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 26: 08048adc 36 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND fprintf@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 27: 08048c2c 35 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND ctime@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 28: 08048bdc 49 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strcat@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 29: 08048b5c 162 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __deregister_frame_info@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 30: 08054054 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 optind@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 31: 0805404c 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 stdin@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 32: 08048afc 181 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND signal@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 33: 08048cfc 61 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND read@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 34: 08048bbc 148 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strncmp@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 35: 08048cdc 147 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strncpy@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 36: 08048b1c 55 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND unlink@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 37: 08048c5c 412 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND opendir@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 38: 08048aac 58 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND strcmp@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 39: 08054044 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 22 stderr@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 40: 0804f7fc 40 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 error 41: 08048b6c 314 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __xstat@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 42: 08048b2c 27 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __errno_location@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 43: 08048c7c 200 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND exit@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 44: 08048b8c 314 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __fxstat@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 45: 08048c9c 150 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND _IO_putc@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 46: 08048a9c 53 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND fileno@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 47: 08050ca4 4 OBJECT GLOBAL DEFAULT 15 _IO_stdin_used 48: 08048bcc 261 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT UND __libc_start_main@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 49: 08048c6c 61 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND open@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 50: 08048c4c 112 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND closedir@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 51: 0804f824 66 FUNC GLOBAL DEFAULT 13 warn 52: 08048a7c 116 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND __register_frame_info@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 53: 08048abc 55 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND close@GLIBC_2.0 (3) 54: 08048cac 202 FUNC WEAK DEFAULT UND free@GLIBC_2.0 (3) Histogram for bucket list length (total of 37 buckets): Length Number % of total Coverage 0 10 ( 27.0%) 1 14 ( 37.8%) 25.9% 2 4 ( 10.8%) 40.7% 3 4 ( 10.8%) 63.0% 4 5 ( 13.5%) 100.0% Version symbols section '.gnu.version' contains 55 entries: Addr: 00000000080487fe Offset: 0x0007fe Link: 4 (.dynsym) 000: 0 (*local*) 0 (*local*) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 2 (GLIBC_2.1) 004: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 008: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 00c: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 010: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 014: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 1 (*global*) 018: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 01c: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 020: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 024: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 028: 1 (*global*) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 02c: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 1 (*global*) 030: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 1 (*global*) 034: 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) 3 (GLIBC_2.0) Version needs section '.gnu.version_r' contains 1 entries: Addr: 0x000000000804886c Offset: 0x00086c Link: 5 (.dynstr) 000000: Version: 1 File: libc.so.6 Cnt: 2 0x0010: Name: GLIBC_2.0 Flags: none Version: 3 0x0020: Name: GLIBC_2.1 Flags: none Version: 2 Notes at offset 0x00000108 with length 0x00000020: Owner Data size Description GNU 0x00000010 NT_GNU_ABI_TAG (ABI version tag) Notes at offset 0x0000b4c7 with length 0x0000017c: Owner Data size Description 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version) 01.01 0x00000000 NT_VERSION (version)
答案是在readelf -a原始问题的输出的这一行中
readelf -a
[Requesting program interpreter: /lib/ld-linux.so.2]
我缺少运行32位应用程序所需的/lib/ld-linux.so.2文件。具有此文件的Ubuntu软件包是libc6-i386。
