我对empty structs 有一个基本问题,并试图了解以下两个不同的输出,以获取两个切片的后备数组元素的地址:
empty struct
a := make([]struct{}, 10) b := make([]struct{}, 20) fmt.Println("&a == &b", &a == &b) fmt.Println("&a[0] == &b[0]", &a[0] == &b[0])
上面的代码片段返回:
&a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] true
但是,请考虑以下略有变化的代码段:
a := make([]struct{}, 10) b := make([]struct{}, 20) fmt.Println(a[0], &a[0]) fmt.Println("&a == &b", &a == &b) fmt.Println("&a[0] == &b[0]", &a[0] == &b[0])
{} &{} &a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] false
有人可以解释上述差异的原因吗?谢谢!
[跟进] 进行以下修改:
package main import "fmt" type S struct{} func (s *S) addr() { fmt.Printf("%p\n", s) } func main() { a := make([]S, 10) b := make([]S, 20) fmt.Println(a[0], &a[0]) fmt.Println("&a == &b", &a == &b) fmt.Println("&a[0] == &b[0]", &a[0] == &b[0]) //a[0].addr() //b[0].addr() }
仍返回相同的输出:
尽管取消注释方法调用,但返回:
{} &{} &a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] true 0x19583c // ==> [depends upon env] 0x19583c // ==> [depends upon env]
在深入研究之前,请了解根据规范,程序对于大小为零的值产生的地址是否相等或不同,都是正确的,因为规范仅声明它们 可以 相同,但不要求它们是相同的。相同。
规格:尺寸和对齐方式保证:
如果结构或数组类型不包含大小大于零的字段(或元素),则其大小为零。两个不同的零大小变量在内存中 可能 具有相同的地址。
因此,您所体验的是实现细节。有关决策的更多细节和因素,以下解释仅对您的具体示例有效并足够:
在您的第一个示例中,切片的后备数组的地址仅在main()函数内部使用,它们不会逸出到堆中。您打印的只是地址比较的结果。这些只是bool值,不包括地址值。因此,编译器选择对a和的后备数组使用相同的地址b。
main()
bool
a
b
在您的第二个示例中,后备数组的地址(更具体地说是后备数组的某些元素的地址)在函数 外部 使用main(),它们被传递到fmt.Println()函数内部并在函数内部使用,因为您还将打印这些地址。
fmt.Println()
我们可以通过将-gcflags '-m'参数传递给Go工具来“证明”这一点,要求它打印转义分析的结果。
-gcflags '-m'
在第一个示例中,将代码保存到中play.go,运行go run -gcflags '-m' play.go命令,输出为:
play.go
go run -gcflags '-m' play.go
./play.go:10:14: "&a == &b" escapes to heap ./play.go:10:29: &a == &b escapes to heap ./play.go:11:14: "&a[0] == &b[0]" escapes to heap ./play.go:11:38: &a[0] == &b[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:8:11: main make([]struct {}, 10) does not escape ./play.go:9:11: main make([]struct {}, 20) does not escape ./play.go:10:26: main &a does not escape ./play.go:10:32: main &b does not escape ./play.go:10:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:11:32: main &a[0] does not escape ./play.go:11:41: main &b[0] does not escape ./play.go:11:13: main ... argument does not escape &a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] true
我们可以看到,地址不会逃脱。
go run -gcflags '-m' play.go在第二个示例中运行,输出为:
./play.go:10:15: a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:10:20: &a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:10:20: &a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:8:11: make([]struct {}, 10) escapes to heap ./play.go:11:14: "&a == &b" escapes to heap ./play.go:11:29: &a == &b escapes to heap ./play.go:12:14: "&a[0] == &b[0]" escapes to heap ./play.go:12:38: &a[0] == &b[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:9:11: main make([]struct {}, 20) does not escape ./play.go:10:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:11:26: main &a does not escape ./play.go:11:32: main &b does not escape ./play.go:11:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:12:32: main &a[0] does not escape ./play.go:12:41: main &b[0] does not escape ./play.go:12:13: main ... argument does not escape {} &{} &a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] false
正如可以看到,a[0],&a[0]逃逸到堆,所以背衬阵列a是动态分配的,因此将具有比的不同的地址b的。
a[0]
&a[0]
让我们进一步“证明”这一点。让我们来修改你的第二个例子,有一个第三个变量c,其地址也不会被打印出来,让我们比较b到c:
c
a := make([]struct{}, 10) b := make([]struct{}, 20) c := make([]struct{}, 30) fmt.Println(a[0], &a[0]) fmt.Println("&a == &b", &a == &b) fmt.Println("&a[0] == &b[0]", &a[0] == &b[0]) fmt.Println("&b == &c", &b == &c) fmt.Println("&b[0] == &c[0]", &b[0] == &c[0])
go run -gcflags '-m' play.go在此上运行,输出为:
./play.go:11:15: a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:11:20: &a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:11:20: &a[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:8:11: make([]struct {}, 10) escapes to heap ./play.go:12:14: "&a == &b" escapes to heap ./play.go:12:29: &a == &b escapes to heap ./play.go:13:14: "&a[0] == &b[0]" escapes to heap ./play.go:13:38: &a[0] == &b[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:14:14: "&b == &c" escapes to heap ./play.go:14:29: &b == &c escapes to heap ./play.go:15:14: "&b[0] == &c[0]" escapes to heap ./play.go:15:38: &b[0] == &c[0] escapes to heap ./play.go:9:11: main make([]struct {}, 20) does not escape ./play.go:10:11: main make([]struct {}, 30) does not escape ./play.go:11:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:12:26: main &a does not escape ./play.go:12:32: main &b does not escape ./play.go:12:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:13:32: main &a[0] does not escape ./play.go:13:41: main &b[0] does not escape ./play.go:13:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:14:26: main &b does not escape ./play.go:14:32: main &c does not escape ./play.go:14:13: main ... argument does not escape ./play.go:15:32: main &b[0] does not escape ./play.go:15:41: main &c[0] does not escape ./play.go:15:13: main ... argument does not escape {} &{} &a == &b false &a[0] == &b[0] false &b == &c false &b[0] == &c[0] true
由于仅&a[0]被印刷而不&b[0]也不&c[0],从而&a[0] == &b[0]将false但&b[0] == &c[0]会true。
&b[0]
&c[0]
&a[0] == &b[0]
false
&b[0] == &c[0]
true