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JavaScript按引用还是按值

javascript

我正在寻找一些关于JavaScript何时按值传递值,何时按引用传递,何时修改传递的项目影响函数外部值以及何时不传递值的良好综合阅读材料。我还对何时通过引用与按值分配给另一个变量以及是否遵循除作为函数参数传递以外的任何其他规则进行分配感兴趣。

我已经进行了很多搜索,找到了很多具体的示例(其中很多都在SO上),可以从这些示例中整理出一些真实的规则,但是我还没有找到一个写得很好的文档来描述这一切。

另外,该语言中是否有方法可以控制是通过引用还是通过值传递某些东西?

以下是一些我想理解的问题。这些只是示例-我实际上是在寻求理解语言所遵循的规则,而不仅仅是特定示例的答案。但是,这里有一些例子:

function f(a,b,c) {
   a = 3;
   b.push("foo");
   c.first = false;
}

var x = 4;
var y = ["eeny", "miny", "mo"];
var z = {first: true};
f(x,y,z);

对于所有不同类型,何时x,y和z的内容在f的范围之外更改?

function f() {
    var a = ["1", "2", "3"];
    var b = a[1];
    a[1] = "4";
    // what is the value of b now for all possible data types that the array in "a" might hold?
}

function f() {
    var a = [{yellow: "blue"}, {red: "cyan"}, {green: "magenta"}];
    var b = a[1];
    a[1].red = "tan";
    // what is the value of b now and why?
    b.red = "black";
    // did the value of a[1].red change when I assigned to b.red?
}

如果我想制作一个对象的完全独立副本(什么都没有引用),那么这样做的最佳实践方法是什么?


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2020-04-22

共1个答案

小编典典

我的理解是,这实际上非常简单:

  • Javascript 总是 按值传递,但是当变量引用对象(包括数组)时,“值”是对对象的引用。
  • 更改变量的值 永远不会 更改基础原语或对象,而只是将变量指向新的原语或对象。
  • 但是,更改变量引用的对象的 属性 确实会更改基础对象。

因此,通过一些示例:

function f(a,b,c) {
    // Argument a is re-assigned to a new value.
    // The object or primitive referenced by the original a is unchanged.
    a = 3;
    // Calling b.push changes its properties - it adds
    // a new property b[b.length] with the value "foo".
    // So the object referenced by b has been changed.
    b.push("foo");
    // The "first" property of argument c has been changed.
    // So the object referenced by c has been changed (unless c is a primitive)
    c.first = false;
}

var x = 4;
var y = ["eeny", "miny", "mo"];
var z = {first: true};
f(x,y,z);
console.log(x, y, z.first); // 4, ["eeny", "miny", "mo", "foo"], false

范例2:

var a = ["1", "2", {foo:"bar"}];
var b = a[1]; // b is now "2";
var c = a[2]; // c now references {foo:"bar"}
a[1] = "4";   // a is now ["1", "4", {foo:"bar"}]; b still has the value
              // it had at the time of assignment
a[2] = "5";   // a is now ["1", "4", "5"]; c still has the value
              // it had at the time of assignment, i.e. a reference to
              // the object {foo:"bar"}
console.log(b, c.foo); // "2" "bar"
2020-04-22