我正在研究模糊搜索实现,作为实现的一部分,我们正在使用Apache的StringUtils.getLevenshteinDistance。目前,我们正在为模糊搜索指定一个特定的最大平均响应时间。经过各种改进并进行了一些分析后,花费最多时间的地方是计算Levenshtein距离。三个或更多字母的搜索字符串大约占总时间的80-90%。
现在,我知道这里可以做的事情有一些限制,但是我已经阅读了之前的SO问题和LD的Wikipedia链接,如果有人愿意将阈值限制为设置的最大距离,则可以帮助限制在算法上花费的时间,但是我不确定如何准确地做到这一点。
如果我们仅对距离小于阈值k的距离感兴趣,则足以计算矩阵中宽度为2k + 1的对角线。这样,该算法可以在O(kl)时间中运行,其中l是最短字符串的长度。[3]
在下面,您将看到StringUtils的原始LH代码。之后就是我的修改。我正在尝试从i,j对角线基本计算出设置长度的距离(因此,在我的示例中,i,j对角线上方和下方的两个对角线)。但是,这不是正确的,因为我已经做到了。例如,在最高对角线上,总是选择正上方的单元格值,该值将为0。如果有人可以向我展示如何如我所描述的那样使此功能起作用,或者有关如何使它起作用的一些一般性建议, 这将不胜感激。
public static int getLevenshteinDistance(String s, String t) { if (s == null || t == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Strings must not be null"); } int n = s.length(); // length of s int m = t.length(); // length of t if (n == 0) { return m; } else if (m == 0) { return n; } if (n > m) { // swap the input strings to consume less memory String tmp = s; s = t; t = tmp; n = m; m = t.length(); } int p[] = new int[n+1]; //'previous' cost array, horizontally int d[] = new int[n+1]; // cost array, horizontally int _d[]; //placeholder to assist in swapping p and d // indexes into strings s and t int i; // iterates through s int j; // iterates through t char t_j; // jth character of t int cost; // cost for (i = 0; i<=n; i++) { p[i] = i; } for (j = 1; j<=m; j++) { t_j = t.charAt(j-1); d[0] = j; for (i=1; i<=n; i++) { cost = s.charAt(i-1)==t_j ? 0 : 1; // minimum of cell to the left+1, to the top+1, diagonally left and up +cost d[i] = Math.min(Math.min(d[i-1]+1, p[i]+1), p[i-1]+cost); } // copy current distance counts to 'previous row' distance counts _d = p; p = d; d = _d; } // our last action in the above loop was to switch d and p, so p now // actually has the most recent cost counts return p[n]; }
我的修改(仅针对for循环):
for (j = 1; j<=m; j++) { t_j = t.charAt(j-1); d[0] = j; int k = Math.max(j-2, 1); for (i = k; i <= Math.min(j+2, n); i++) { cost = s.charAt(i-1)==t_j ? 0 : 1; // minimum of cell to the left+1, to the top+1, diagonally left and up +cost d[i] = Math.min(Math.min(d[i-1]+1, p[i]+1), p[i-1]+cost); } // copy current distance counts to 'previous row' distance counts _d = p; p = d; d = _d; }
实现窗口的问题在于处理每行中第一个条目左侧和最后一个条目上方的值。
一种方法是将最初填写的值从1而不是0开始,然后忽略遇到的任何0。您必须从最终答案中减去1。
另一种方法是用高值填充第一个和最后一个左边的条目,以便最小检查永远不会选择它们。这就是我前几天必须实施的方式:
public static int levenshtein(String s, String t, int threshold) { int slen = s.length(); int tlen = t.length(); // swap so the smaller string is t; this reduces the memory usage // of our buffers if(tlen > slen) { String stmp = s; s = t; t = stmp; int itmp = slen; slen = tlen; tlen = itmp; } // p is the previous and d is the current distance array; dtmp is used in swaps int[] p = new int[tlen + 1]; int[] d = new int[tlen + 1]; int[] dtmp; // the values necessary for our threshold are written; the ones after // must be filled with large integers since the tailing member of the threshold // window in the bottom array will run min across them int n = 0; for(; n < Math.min(p.length, threshold + 1); ++n) p[n] = n; Arrays.fill(p, n, p.length, Integer.MAX_VALUE); Arrays.fill(d, Integer.MAX_VALUE); // this is the core of the Levenshtein edit distance algorithm // instead of actually building the matrix, two arrays are swapped back and forth // the threshold limits the amount of entries that need to be computed if we're // looking for a match within a set distance for(int row = 1; row < s.length()+1; ++row) { char schar = s.charAt(row-1); d[0] = row; // set up our threshold window int min = Math.max(1, row - threshold); int max = Math.min(d.length, row + threshold + 1); // since we're reusing arrays, we need to be sure to wipe the value left of the // starting index; we don't have to worry about the value above the ending index // as the arrays were initially filled with large integers and we progress to the right if(min > 1) d[min-1] = Integer.MAX_VALUE; for(int col = min; col < max; ++col) { if(schar == t.charAt(col-1)) d[col] = p[col-1]; else // min of: diagonal, left, up d[col] = Math.min(p[col-1], Math.min(d[col-1], p[col])) + 1; } // swap our arrays dtmp = p; p = d; d = dtmp; } if(p[tlen] == Integer.MAX_VALUE) return -1; return p[tlen]; }