Python inspect 模块，Parameter() 实例源码

def get_callable_args(function, required_only=False):
    """Get names of callable arguments.

    Special arguments (like ``*args`` and ``**kwargs``) are not included into
    output.

    If required_only is True, optional arguments (with default values)
    are not included into output.
    """
    sig = get_signature(function)
    function_args = list(six.iterkeys(sig.parameters))
    for param_name, p in six.iteritems(sig.parameters):
        if (p.kind in (Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL, Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)
                or (required_only and p.default is not Parameter.empty)):
            function_args.remove(param_name)
    return function_args

def get_callable_args(function, required_only=False):
    """Get names of callable arguments.

    Special arguments (like ``*args`` and ``**kwargs``) are not included into
    output.

    If required_only is True, optional arguments (with default values)
    are not included into output.
    """
    sig = get_signature(function)
    function_args = list(six.iterkeys(sig.parameters))
    for param_name, p in six.iteritems(sig.parameters):
        if (p.kind in (Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL, Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)
                or (required_only and p.default is not Parameter.empty)):
            function_args.remove(param_name)
    return function_args

def test_callable_and_async_signature(self):
        mapping_viz = self.plugin.visualizers['mapping_viz']

        for callable_attr in '__call__', 'async':
            signature = inspect.Signature.from_callable(
                getattr(mapping_viz, callable_attr))
            parameters = list(signature.parameters.items())

            kind = inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
            exp_parameters = [
                ('mapping1', inspect.Parameter(
                    'mapping1', kind, annotation=Mapping)),
                ('mapping2', inspect.Parameter(
                    'mapping2', kind, annotation=Mapping)),
                ('key_label', inspect.Parameter(
                    'key_label', kind, annotation=Str)),
                ('value_label', inspect.Parameter(
                    'value_label', kind, annotation=Str))
            ]

            self.assertEqual(parameters, exp_parameters)

def test_callable_and_async_different_signature(self):
        # Test that a different Visualizer object has a different dynamic
        # signature.
        most_common_viz = self.plugin.visualizers['most_common_viz']

        for callable_attr in '__call__', 'async':
            signature = inspect.Signature.from_callable(
                getattr(most_common_viz, callable_attr))
            parameters = list(signature.parameters.items())

            kind = inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
            exp_parameters = [
                ('ints', inspect.Parameter(
                    'ints', kind, annotation=IntSequence1 | IntSequence2))
            ]

            self.assertEqual(parameters, exp_parameters)

def test_callable_and_async_signature(self):
        # Shouldn't include `ctx`
        typical_pipeline = self.plugin.pipelines['typical_pipeline']
        kind = inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
        exp_parameters = [
            ('int_sequence', inspect.Parameter(
                'int_sequence', kind, annotation=IntSequence1)),
            ('mapping', inspect.Parameter(
                'mapping', kind, annotation=Mapping)),
            ('do_extra_thing', inspect.Parameter(
                'do_extra_thing', kind, annotation=Bool)),
            ('add', inspect.Parameter(
                'add', kind, default=1, annotation=Int))
        ]

        for callable_attr in '__call__', 'async':
            signature = inspect.Signature.from_callable(
                getattr(typical_pipeline, callable_attr))
            parameters = list(signature.parameters.items())

            self.assertEqual(parameters, exp_parameters)

def test_callable_and_async_signature_with_artifacts_and_parameters(self):
        # Signature with input artifacts and parameters (i.e. primitives).
        concatenate_ints = self.plugin.methods['concatenate_ints']

        for callable_attr in '__call__', 'async':
            signature = inspect.Signature.from_callable(
                getattr(concatenate_ints, callable_attr))
            parameters = list(signature.parameters.items())

            kind = inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
            exp_parameters = [
                ('ints1', inspect.Parameter(
                    'ints1', kind, annotation=IntSequence1 | IntSequence2)),
                ('ints2', inspect.Parameter(
                    'ints2', kind, annotation=IntSequence1)),
                ('ints3', inspect.Parameter(
                    'ints3', kind, annotation=IntSequence2)),
                ('int1', inspect.Parameter(
                    'int1', kind, annotation=Int)),
                ('int2', inspect.Parameter(
                    'int2', kind, annotation=Int))
            ]

            self.assertEqual(parameters, exp_parameters)

def test_callable_and_async_signature_with_no_parameters(self):
        # Signature without parameters (i.e. primitives), only input artifacts.
        method = self.plugin.methods['merge_mappings']

        for callable_attr in '__call__', 'async':
            signature = inspect.Signature.from_callable(
                getattr(method, callable_attr))
            parameters = list(signature.parameters.items())

            kind = inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD
            exp_parameters = [
                ('mapping1', inspect.Parameter(
                    'mapping1', kind, annotation=Mapping)),
                ('mapping2', inspect.Parameter(
                    'mapping2', kind, annotation=Mapping))
            ]

            self.assertEqual(parameters, exp_parameters)

def post(path):
    def decorater(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kw):
            return func(*args, **kw)

        wrapper.__method__ = 'POST'
        wrapper.__route__ = path
        return wrapper

    return decorater


# ??inspect.Parameter ? kind ???5??
# POSITIONAL_ONLY           ???????
# POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD     ????????????????
# VAR_POSITIONAL            ???? *args
# KEYWORD_ONLY              ?????????key????? *,key
# VAR_KEYWORD               ???? **kw

def test_signature_str_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter

        def test(a_po, *, b, **kwargs):
            return a_po, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = list(sig.parameters.values())
        new_params[0] = new_params[0].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        test.__signature__ = sig.replace(parameters=new_params)

        self.assertEqual(str(inspect.signature(test)),
                         '(<a_po>, *, b, **kwargs)')

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = list(sig.parameters.values())
        new_params[0] = new_params[0].replace(name=None)
        test.__signature__ = sig.replace(parameters=new_params)
        self.assertEqual(str(inspect.signature(test)),
                         '(<0>, *, b, **kwargs)')

def test_signature_bind_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter

        def test(a_po, b_po, c_po=3, foo=42, *, bar=50, **kwargs):
            return a_po, b_po, c_po, foo, bar, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = collections.OrderedDict(tuple(sig.parameters.items()))
        for name in ('a_po', 'b_po', 'c_po'):
            new_params[name] = new_params[name].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        new_sig = sig.replace(parameters=new_params.values())
        test.__signature__ = new_sig

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2, 4, 5, bar=6),
                         (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, {}))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, 1, 2, c_po=4)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, a_po=1, b_po=2)

def accepts_kwargs(function):
    """Returns ``True`` if function accepts kwargs otherwise ``False``."""
    sig = get_signature(function)
    return any(p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD
               for p in six.itervalues(sig.parameters))

def accepts_kwargs(function):
    """Returns ``True`` if function accepts kwargs otherwise ``False``."""
    sig = get_signature(function)
    return any(p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD
               for p in six.itervalues(sig.parameters))

def _wrap_maker(func):

    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        chunks = kwargs.pop('chunks')
        X, y = func(*args, **kwargs)
        return (da.from_array(X, chunks=(chunks, X.shape[-1])),
                da.from_array(y, chunks=chunks))
    __all__.append(func.__name__)

    if not six.PY2:
        sig = inspect.signature(func)
        params = list(sig.parameters.values())
        # TODO(py3): Make this keyword-only
        params.append(
            inspect.Parameter("chunks",
                              inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
                              default=None))
        inner.__signature__ = sig.replace(parameters=params)

    doc = func.__doc__.split("\n")
    doc = ['    ' + doc[0], chunks_doc] + doc[1:]
    inner.__doc__ = dedent('\n'.join(doc))
    inner.__name__ = func.__name__
    inner.__module__ = __name__

    return inner

def get_imports_for_annotation(anno: Any) -> ImportMap:
    """Return the imports (module, name) needed for the type in the annotation"""
    imports = ImportMap()
    if (
            anno is inspect.Parameter.empty or
            anno is inspect.Signature.empty or
            not isinstance(anno, (type, _Any, _Union)) or
            anno.__module__ == 'builtins'
    ):
        return imports
    if isinstance(anno, _Any):
        imports['typing'].add('Any')
    elif _is_optional(anno):
        imports['typing'].add('Optional')
        elem_type = _get_optional_elem(anno)
        elem_imports = get_imports_for_annotation(elem_type)
        imports.merge(elem_imports)
    elif isinstance(anno, (_Union, GenericMeta)):
        if isinstance(anno, _Union):
            imports['typing'].add('Union')
        else:
            name = _get_import_for_qualname(anno.__qualname__)
            imports[anno.__module__].add(name)
        elem_types = anno.__args__ or []
        for et in elem_types:
            elem_imports = get_imports_for_annotation(et)
            imports.merge(elem_imports)
    else:
        name = _get_import_for_qualname(anno.__qualname__)
        imports[anno.__module__].add(name)
    return imports

def update_signature_args(sig: inspect.Signature, arg_types: Dict[str, type], has_self: bool) -> inspect.Signature:
    """Update argument annotations with the supplied types"""
    params = []
    for arg_idx, name in enumerate(sig.parameters):
        param = sig.parameters[name]
        typ = arg_types.get(name)
        # Don't touch pre-existing annotations and leave self un-annotated
        if (typ is not None) and \
           (param.annotation is inspect.Parameter.empty) and \
           ((not has_self) or (arg_idx != 0)):
            param = param.replace(annotation=typ)
        params.append(param)
    return sig.replace(parameters=params)

def has_unparsable_defaults(sig: inspect.Signature) -> bool:
    """Return whether or not the reprs for all defaults in the signature are valid python expressions"""
    for param in sig.parameters.values():
        if param.default is inspect.Parameter.empty:
            continue
        try:
            parser.expr(repr(param.default))
        except SyntaxError:
            return True
    return False

def render_parameter(param: inspect.Parameter) -> str:
    """Convert a parameter into its stub representation.

    NB: This is copied almost entirely from https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.6/Lib/inspect.py
    with the modification that it calls our own rendering functions for annotations.

    TODO: push a patch upstream so we don't have to do this on Python 3.x.
    """
    kind = param.kind
    formatted = param.name

    # Add annotation and default value
    if param.annotation is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
        anno = param.annotation
        if not _is_optional(anno) and param.default is None:
            # we're constructing types at runtime and mypy is very confused
            anno = Optional[anno]  # type: ignore
        rendered = render_annotation(anno)
        formatted = '{}: {}'.format(formatted, rendered)

    if param.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty:
        formatted = '{} = {}'.format(formatted, repr(param.default))

    if kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
        formatted = '*' + formatted
    elif kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
        formatted = '**' + formatted

    return formatted

def _param_type_error(self, param, argname, argvalue):
        paramname = "Vararg parameter" if param.kind == "VAR_POSITIONAL" else \
                    "Parameter `%s`" % argname
        msg = param.checker.get_error_msg(paramname, argvalue)
        return self._type_error(msg)

def source(self):
        args = []
        for p in self.params:
            if p.has_default:
                args.append(p.name + "=" + repr(p.default))
            else:
                args.append(p.name)
        return "%s(%s)" % (self.function.__name__, ", ".join(args))


# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Parameter
# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

def __repr__(self):
        return ("<Param '%s' %s%s>" %
                (self.name,
                 Parameter.SHORT_POSITIONAL_NAME[self.kind],
                 " " + self._checker.name() if self._checker else ""))

def has_parameter_kind(func, kind):
    """
    https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#inspect.signature
    Returns: whether the func has a parameter kind
    """
    P = inspect.Parameter
    assert kind in [P.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
                    P.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
                    P.VAR_POSITIONAL,
                    P.KEYWORD_ONLY,
                    P.VAR_KEYWORD]
    return any(param for param in
               inspect.signature(func).parameters.values()
               if param.kind == kind)

def has_kwargs(func):
    """
    Returns: whether the func accepts **kwargs
    """
    return has_parameter_kind(func, inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

def has_varargs(func):
    """
    Returns: whether the func accepts *args
    """
    return has_parameter_kind(func, inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

def test_signature_object(self):
        S = inspect.Signature
        P = inspect.Parameter

        self.assertEqual(str(S()), '()')

        def test(po, pk, *args, ko, **kwargs):
            pass
        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        po = sig.parameters['po'].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        pk = sig.parameters['pk']
        args = sig.parameters['args']
        ko = sig.parameters['ko']
        kwargs = sig.parameters['kwargs']

        S((po, pk, args, ko, kwargs))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'wrong parameter order'):
            S((pk, po, args, ko, kwargs))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'wrong parameter order'):
            S((po, args, pk, ko, kwargs))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'wrong parameter order'):
            S((args, po, pk, ko, kwargs))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'wrong parameter order'):
            S((po, pk, args, kwargs, ko))

        kwargs2 = kwargs.replace(name='args')
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'duplicate parameter name'):
            S((po, pk, args, kwargs2, ko))

def test_signature_parameter_kinds(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        self.assertTrue(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY < P.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD < \
                        P.VAR_POSITIONAL < P.KEYWORD_ONLY < P.VAR_KEYWORD)

        self.assertEqual(str(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY), 'POSITIONAL_ONLY')
        self.assertTrue('POSITIONAL_ONLY' in repr(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY))

def test_signature_parameter_object(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p.name, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(p.default, 10)
        self.assertIs(p.annotation, p.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p.kind, inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value'):
            inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10, kind='123')

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'not a valid parameter name'):
            inspect.Parameter('1', kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                     'non-positional-only parameter'):
            inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        p = inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            p.replace(kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        self.assertTrue(repr(p).startswith('<Parameter'))

def test_signature_parameter_equality(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        p = P('foo', default=42, kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        self.assertEqual(p, p)
        self.assertNotEqual(p, 42)

        self.assertEqual(p, P('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY))

def test_signature_parameter_replace(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        self.assertIsNot(p, p.replace())
        self.assertEqual(p, p.replace())

        p2 = p.replace(annotation=1)
        self.assertEqual(p2.annotation, 1)
        p2 = p2.replace(annotation=p2.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p, p2)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='bar')
        self.assertEqual(p2.name, 'bar')
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'not a valid parameter name'):
            p2 = p2.replace(name=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=None)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, None)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=p2.empty)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, p2.empty)


        p2 = p2.replace(default=42, kind=p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertEqual(p2.kind, p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value for'):
            p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.KEYWORD_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p2, p)

def test_signature_parameter_positional_only(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(str(p), '<>')

        p = p.replace(name='1')
        self.assertEqual(str(p), '<1>')

def test_signature_parameter_immutability(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.foo = 'bar'

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.kind = 123

def test_getfullargspec_signature_attr(self):
        def test():
            pass
        spam_param = inspect.Parameter('spam', inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        test.__signature__ = inspect.Signature(parameters=(spam_param,))

        self.assertFullArgSpecEquals(test, args_e=['spam'], formatted='(spam)')

def test_signature_str_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        S = inspect.Signature

        def test(a_po, *, b, **kwargs):
            return a_po, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = list(sig.parameters.values())
        new_params[0] = new_params[0].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        test.__signature__ = sig.replace(parameters=new_params)

        self.assertEqual(str(inspect.signature(test)),
                         '(a_po, /, *, b, **kwargs)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)])),
                         '(foo, /)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[
                                P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY),
                                P('bar', P.VAR_KEYWORD)])),
                         '(foo, /, **bar)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[
                                P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY),
                                P('bar', P.VAR_POSITIONAL)])),
                         '(foo, /, *bar)')

def test_signature_parameter_kinds(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        self.assertTrue(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY < P.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD < \
                        P.VAR_POSITIONAL < P.KEYWORD_ONLY < P.VAR_KEYWORD)

        self.assertEqual(str(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY), 'POSITIONAL_ONLY')
        self.assertTrue('POSITIONAL_ONLY' in repr(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY))

def test_signature_parameter_object(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p.name, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(p.default, 10)
        self.assertIs(p.annotation, p.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p.kind, inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value'):
            inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10, kind='123')

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'not a valid parameter name'):
            inspect.Parameter('1', kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'name must be a str'):
            inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                    'is not a valid parameter name'):
            inspect.Parameter('$', kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        p = inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            p.replace(kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        self.assertTrue(repr(p).startswith('<Parameter'))

def test_signature_parameter_unhashable(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'unhashable type'):
            hash(p)

def test_signature_parameter_replace(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        self.assertIsNot(p, p.replace())
        self.assertEqual(p, p.replace())

        p2 = p.replace(annotation=1)
        self.assertEqual(p2.annotation, 1)
        p2 = p2.replace(annotation=p2.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p, p2)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='bar')
        self.assertEqual(p2.name, 'bar')
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                    'name is a required attribute'):
            p2 = p2.replace(name=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=None)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, None)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=p2.empty)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, p2.empty)


        p2 = p2.replace(default=42, kind=p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertEqual(p2.kind, p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value for'):
            p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.KEYWORD_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p2, p)

def test_signature_parameter_positional_only(self):
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'name must be a str'):
            inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

def test_signature_parameter_immutability(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('spam', kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.foo = 'bar'

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.kind = 123

def test_signature_bind_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter

        def test(a_po, b_po, c_po=3, foo=42, *, bar=50, **kwargs):
            return a_po, b_po, c_po, foo, bar, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = collections.OrderedDict(tuple(sig.parameters.items()))
        for name in ('a_po', 'b_po', 'c_po'):
            new_params[name] = new_params[name].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        new_sig = sig.replace(parameters=new_params.values())
        test.__signature__ = new_sig

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2, 4, 5, bar=6),
                         (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, {}))

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2),
                         (1, 2, 3, 42, 50, {}))

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2, foo=4, bar=5),
                         (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {}))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "but was passed as a keyword"):
            self.call(test, 1, 2, foo=4, bar=5, c_po=10)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, 1, 2, c_po=4)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, a_po=1, b_po=2)

def test_getfullargspec_signature_attr(self):
        def test():
            pass
        spam_param = inspect.Parameter('spam', inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        test.__signature__ = inspect.Signature(parameters=(spam_param,))

        self.assertFullArgSpecEquals(test, args_e=['spam'], formatted='(spam)')

def test_signature_str_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        S = inspect.Signature

        def test(a_po, *, b, **kwargs):
            return a_po, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = list(sig.parameters.values())
        new_params[0] = new_params[0].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        test.__signature__ = sig.replace(parameters=new_params)

        self.assertEqual(str(inspect.signature(test)),
                         '(a_po, /, *, b, **kwargs)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)])),
                         '(foo, /)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[
                                P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY),
                                P('bar', P.VAR_KEYWORD)])),
                         '(foo, /, **bar)')

        self.assertEqual(str(S(parameters=[
                                P('foo', P.POSITIONAL_ONLY),
                                P('bar', P.VAR_POSITIONAL)])),
                         '(foo, /, *bar)')

def test_signature_parameter_kinds(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter
        self.assertTrue(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY < P.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD < \
                        P.VAR_POSITIONAL < P.KEYWORD_ONLY < P.VAR_KEYWORD)

        self.assertEqual(str(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY), 'POSITIONAL_ONLY')
        self.assertTrue('POSITIONAL_ONLY' in repr(P.POSITIONAL_ONLY))

def test_signature_parameter_object(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p.name, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(p.default, 10)
        self.assertIs(p.annotation, p.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p.kind, inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value'):
            inspect.Parameter('foo', default=10, kind='123')

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'not a valid parameter name'):
            inspect.Parameter('1', kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'name must be a str'):
            inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                    'is not a valid parameter name'):
            inspect.Parameter('$', kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        p = inspect.Parameter('a', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'cannot have default values'):
            p.replace(kind=inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL)

        self.assertTrue(repr(p).startswith('<Parameter'))

def test_signature_parameter_unhashable(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'unhashable type'):
            hash(p)

def test_signature_parameter_replace(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('foo', default=42,
                              kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        self.assertIsNot(p, p.replace())
        self.assertEqual(p, p.replace())

        p2 = p.replace(annotation=1)
        self.assertEqual(p2.annotation, 1)
        p2 = p2.replace(annotation=p2.empty)
        self.assertEqual(p, p2)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='bar')
        self.assertEqual(p2.name, 'bar')
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
                                    'name is a required attribute'):
            p2 = p2.replace(name=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=None)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, None)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        p2 = p2.replace(name='foo', default=p2.empty)
        self.assertIs(p2.default, p2.empty)


        p2 = p2.replace(default=42, kind=p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertEqual(p2.kind, p2.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
        self.assertNotEqual(p2, p)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'invalid value for'):
            p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.empty)

        p2 = p2.replace(kind=p2.KEYWORD_ONLY)
        self.assertEqual(p2, p)

def test_signature_parameter_positional_only(self):
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'name must be a str'):
            inspect.Parameter(None, kind=inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY)

def test_signature_parameter_immutability(self):
        p = inspect.Parameter('spam', kind=inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.foo = 'bar'

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            p.kind = 123

def test_signature_bind_positional_only(self):
        P = inspect.Parameter

        def test(a_po, b_po, c_po=3, foo=42, *, bar=50, **kwargs):
            return a_po, b_po, c_po, foo, bar, kwargs

        sig = inspect.signature(test)
        new_params = collections.OrderedDict(tuple(sig.parameters.items()))
        for name in ('a_po', 'b_po', 'c_po'):
            new_params[name] = new_params[name].replace(kind=P.POSITIONAL_ONLY)
        new_sig = sig.replace(parameters=new_params.values())
        test.__signature__ = new_sig

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2, 4, 5, bar=6),
                         (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, {}))

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2),
                         (1, 2, 3, 42, 50, {}))

        self.assertEqual(self.call(test, 1, 2, foo=4, bar=5),
                         (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, {}))

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "but was passed as a keyword"):
            self.call(test, 1, 2, foo=4, bar=5, c_po=10)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, 1, 2, c_po=4)

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "parameter is positional only"):
            self.call(test, a_po=1, b_po=2)

def parse_annotation(param: inspect.Parameter, default, arg: str, index: int, message: discord.Message):
    """ Parse annotations and return the command to use.

    index is basically the arg's index in shelx.split(message.content) """
    if default is param.empty:
        default = None

    if param.annotation is not param.empty:  # Any annotation is a function or Annotation enum
        anno = override_annotation(param.annotation)
        content = lambda s: utils.split(s, maxsplit=index)[-1].strip("\" ")

        # Valid enum checks
        if isinstance(anno, utils.Annotate):
            if anno is utils.Annotate.Content:  # Split and get raw content from this point
                return content(message.content) or default
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.LowerContent:  # Lowercase of above check
                return content(message.content).lower() or default
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.CleanContent:  # Split and get clean raw content from this point
                return content(message.clean_content) or default
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.LowerCleanContent:  # Lowercase of above check
                return content(message.clean_content).lower() or default
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.Member:  # Checks member names or mentions
                return utils.find_member(message.server, arg) or default_self(anno, default, message)
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.Channel:  # Checks text channel names or mentions
                return utils.find_channel(message.server, arg) or default_self(anno, default, message)
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.VoiceChannel:  # Checks voice channel names or mentions
                return utils.find_channel(message.server, arg, channel_type="voice")
            elif anno is utils.Annotate.Code:  # Works like Content but extracts code
                return utils.get_formatted_code(utils.split(message.content, maxsplit=index)[-1]) or default

        try:  # Try running as a method
            if getattr(anno, "allow_spaces", False):
                arg = content(message.content)

            # Pass the message if the argument has this specified
            if getattr(anno, "pass_message", False):
                result = anno(message, arg)
            else:
                result = anno(arg)

            # The function can be a coroutine
            if inspect.isawaitable(result):
                result = await result

            return result if result is not None else default
        except TypeError:
            raise TypeError("Command parameter annotation must be either pcbot.utils.Annotate, a callable or a coroutine")
        except AssertionError as e:  # raise the error in order to catch it at a lower level
            raise AssertionError(e)
        except:  # On error, eg when annotation is int and given argument is str
            return None

    return str(arg) or default  # Return str of arg if there was no annotation

def __init__(self, func, types, typesentry_config):
        # The Config object
        self._tc = typesentry_config

        # The original function that was inspected
        self.function = func

        # List of all parameters (Parameter objects), positional and keyword
        self.params = []

        # Parameter object for the return value
        self.retval = Parameter("_return", kind="RETURN")

        # Index of the vararg parameter in self.params
        self._ivararg = None

        # Index of the varkws parameter in self.params
        self._ivarkws = None

        self._iargs = dict()

        # Maximum number of positional parameters (without varargs)
        self._max_positional_args = 0

        # Minimum number of arguments that must be supplied -- all the other
        # have defaults and can be omitted.
        self._min_positional_args = 0

        # Names of keyword-only arguments that have no defaults
        self._required_kwonly_args = set()

        # 0 or 1 depending on whether the function has 'self' argument. This
        # flag allows us to correctly report the number of arguments for a
        # method (1 less than what the signature suggests).
        self._num_self_args = 0

        #--------------------------------------------------------
        # This will initialize all of the arguments defined above
        self._fill_from_inspection_spec(types)

        # Function that can be invoked to check the type of the return value
        self.return_checker = self._make_retval_checker()

        # Function that can be invoked to check the arguments passed to the
        # inspected function.
        self.params_checker = self._make_args_checker()