Python matplotlib.pyplot 模块，show() 实例源码

def showData(self):
    print('???,????···')
    mask = imread(self.picfile)
    imgcolor = ImageColorGenerator(mask)
    wcc = WordCloud(font_path='./msyhl.ttc', 
    mask=mask, background_color='white', 
    max_font_size=200, 
    max_words=300,
    color_func=imgcolor
    )
    wc = wcc.generate_from_frequencies(self.data)
    plt.figure()
    plt.imshow(wc)
    plt.axis('off')
    print('?????')
    plt.show()

def visualize(self, zv, path):
        self.ax1.clear()
        self.ax2.clear()
        z, v = zv
        if path:
            np.save(path + '/trajectory.npy', z)

        z = np.reshape(z, [-1, 2])
        self.ax1.hist2d(z[:, 0], z[:, 1], bins=400)
        self.ax1.set(xlim=self.xlim(), ylim=self.ylim())

        v = np.reshape(v, [-1, 2])
        self.ax2.hist2d(v[:, 0], v[:, 1], bins=400)
        self.ax2.set(xlim=self.xlim(), ylim=self.ylim())

        if self.display:
            import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
            plt.show()
            plt.pause(0.1)
        elif path:
            self.fig.savefig(path + '/visualize.png')

def vis_detections(im, class_name, dets, thresh=0.3):
    """Visual debugging of detections."""
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    im = im[:, :, (2, 1, 0)]
    for i in xrange(np.minimum(10, dets.shape[0])):
        bbox = dets[i, :4]
        score = dets[i, -1]
        if score > thresh:
            plt.cla()
            plt.imshow(im)
            plt.gca().add_patch(
                plt.Rectangle((bbox[0], bbox[1]),
                              bbox[2] - bbox[0],
                              bbox[3] - bbox[1], fill=False,
                              edgecolor='g', linewidth=3)
                )
            plt.title('{}  {:.3f}'.format(class_name, score))
            plt.show()

def test(path_test, input_size, hidden_size, batch_size, save_dir, model_name, maxlen):
    db = read_data(path_test)

    X = create_sequences(db[:-maxlen], win_size=maxlen, step=maxlen)
    X = np.reshape(X, (X.shape[0], X.shape[1], input_size))

    # build the model: 1 layer LSTM
    print('Build model...')
    model = Sequential()
    model.add(LSTM(hidden_size, return_sequences=False, input_shape=(maxlen, input_size)))
    model.add(Dense(maxlen))

    model.load_weights(save_dir + model_name)
    model.compile(loss='mse', optimizer='adam')

    prediction = model.predict(X, batch_size, verbose=1)
    prediction = prediction.flatten()
    # prediction_container = np.array(prediction).flatten()
    Y = db[maxlen:]
    plt.plot(prediction, label='prediction')
    plt.plot(Y, label='true')
    plt.legend()
    plt.show()

def get_feature_importance(list_of_features):
    n_estimators=10000
    random_state=0
    n_jobs=4
    x_train=data_frame[list_of_features]
    y_train=data_frame.iloc[:,-1]
    feat_labels= data_frame.columns[1:]
    forest = BaggingRegressor(n_estimators=n_estimators,random_state=random_state,n_jobs=n_jobs) 
    forest.fit(x_train,y_train) 
    importances=forest.feature_importances_ 
    indices = np.argsort(importances)[::-1]


    for f in range(x_train.shape[1]):
        print("%2d) %-*s %f" % (f+1,30,feat_labels[indices[f]],
                                        importances[indices[f]]))


    plt.title("Feature Importance")
    plt.bar(range(x_train.shape[1]),importances[indices],color='lightblue',align='center')
    plt.xticks(range(x_train.shape[1]),feat_labels[indices],rotation=90)
    plt.xlim([-1,x_train.shape[1]])
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def plot_bar_chart(label_to_value, title, x_label, y_label):
    """
    Plots a bar chart from a dict.

    Args:
        label_to_value: A dict mapping ints or strings to numerical values (int
            or float).
        title: A string representing the title of the graph.
        x_label: A string representing the label for the x-axis.
        y_label: A string representing the label for the y-axis.
    """
    n = len(label_to_value)
    labels = sorted(label_to_value.keys())
    values = [label_to_value[label] for label in labels]
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xlabel(x_label)
    plt.ylabel(y_label)
    plt.bar(range(n), values, align='center')
    plt.xticks(range(n), labels, rotation='vertical', fontsize='7')
    plt.gcf().subplots_adjust(bottom=0.2) # make room for x-axis labels
    plt.show()

def plot_line_graph_multiple_lines(x, label_to_values, title, x_label, y_label):
    if not all(len(x) == len(values) for values in label_to_values.values()):
        raise ValueError('values of label_to_values must have length len(x)')
    colors = ['b','g','r','c','m','y','k']
    line_styles = ['-','--',':']
    for (i, label) in enumerate(sorted(label_to_values.keys())):
        color = colors[i%len(colors)]
        line_style = line_styles[(i//len(colors))%len(line_styles)]
        plt.plot(x,
                 label_to_values[label],
                 label=label,
                 color=color,
                 linestyle=line_style)
    plt.legend(loc='center left', bbox_to_anchor=(1,0.5), prop={'size':9})
    plt.tight_layout(pad=9)
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xlabel(x_label)
    plt.ylabel(y_label)
    plt.show()

# x_min, x_max for example proportion_initiated_by_user

def plot_histogram(x, n_bins, title, x_label, y_label):
    """
    Plots a histogram from a list of data.

    Args:
        x: A list of floats representing the data.
        n_bins: An int representing the number of bins to plot.
        title: A string representing the title of the graph.
        x_label: A string representing the label for the x-axis.
        y_label: A string representing the label for the y-axis.
    """
    plt.title(title)
    plt.xlabel(x_label)
    plt.ylabel(y_label)
    plt.hist(x, bins=n_bins)
    plt.show()

    # probability

def decode_segmap(self, temp, plot=False):
        label_colours = self.get_pascal_labels()
        r = temp.copy()
        g = temp.copy()
        b = temp.copy()
        for l in range(0, self.n_classes):
            r[temp == l] = label_colours[l, 0]
            g[temp == l] = label_colours[l, 1]
            b[temp == l] = label_colours[l, 2]

        rgb = np.zeros((temp.shape[0], temp.shape[1], 3))
        rgb[:, :, 0] = r / 255.0
        rgb[:, :, 1] = g / 255.0
        rgb[:, :, 2] = b / 255.0
        if plot:
            plt.imshow(rgb)
            plt.show()
        else:
            return rgb

def decode_segmap(self, temp, plot=False):
        # TODO:(@meetshah1995)
        # Verify that the color mapping is 1-to-1
        r = temp.copy()
        g = temp.copy()
        b = temp.copy()
        for l in range(0, self.n_classes):
            r[temp == l] = 10 * (l%10)
            g[temp == l] = l
            b[temp == l] = 0

        rgb = np.zeros((temp.shape[0], temp.shape[1], 3))
        rgb[:, :, 0] = (r/255.0)
        rgb[:, :, 1] = (g/255.0)
        rgb[:, :, 2] = (b/255.0)
        if plot:
            plt.imshow(rgb)
            plt.show()
        else:
            return rgb

def get_masks(scans,masks_list):
    #%matplotlib inline
    scans1=scans.copy()
    maxv=255
    masks=np.zeros(shape=(scans.shape[0],1,img_rows,img_cols))
    for i_m in range(len(masks_list)):
        for i in range(-masks_list[i_m][3],masks_list[i_m][3]+1):
            for j in range(-masks_list[i_m][3],masks_list[i_m][3]+1):
                masks[masks_list[i_m][0],0,masks_list[i_m][2]+i,masks_list[i_m][1]+j]=1
        for i1 in range(-masks_list[i_m][3],masks_list[i_m][3]+1):
            scans1[masks_list[i_m][0],0,masks_list[i_m][2]+i1,masks_list[i_m][1]+masks_list[i_m][3]]=maxv=255
            scans1[masks_list[i_m][0],0,masks_list[i_m][2]+i1,masks_list[i_m][1]-masks_list[i_m][3]]=maxv=255
            scans1[masks_list[i_m][0],0,masks_list[i_m][2]+masks_list[i_m][3],masks_list[i_m][1]+i1]=maxv=255
            scans1[masks_list[i_m][0],0,masks_list[i_m][2]-masks_list[i_m][3],masks_list[i_m][1]+i1]=maxv=255
    for i in range(scans.shape[0]):
        print ('scan '+str(i))
        f, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2,figsize=(10,5))
        ax[0].imshow(scans1[i,0,:,:],cmap=plt.cm.gray)
        ax[1].imshow(masks[i,0,:,:],cmap=plt.cm.gray)
        plt.show()
    return(masks)

def test_penalty_env(env):
    import envs
    env = envs.create_env("Pong", location="bottom", catastrophe_type="1", 
                          classifier_file=save_classifier_path + '/0/final.ckpt')

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

    observation = env.reset()

    for _ in range(20):
        action = env.action_space.sample()
        observation, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        plt.imshow(observation[:,:,0])
        plt.show()
        print('Cat: ', info['frame/is_catastrophe'])
        print('reward: ', reward)
        if done:
            break

def test_penalty_env(env):
    import envs
    env = envs.create_env("Pong", location="bottom", catastrophe_type="1", 
                          classifier_file=save_classifier_path + '/0/final.ckpt')

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

    observation = env.reset()

    for _ in range(20):
        action = env.action_space.sample()
        observation, reward, done, info = env.step(action)
        plt.imshow(observation[:,:,0])
        plt.show()
        print('Cat: ', info['frame/is_catastrophe'])
        print('reward: ', reward)
        if done:
            break

def analyze(context=None, results=None):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

    # Plot the portfolio and asset data.
    ax1 = plt.subplot(211)
    results.algorithm_period_return.plot(ax=ax1,color='blue',legend=u'????')
    ax1.set_ylabel(u'??')
    results.benchmark_period_return.plot(ax=ax1,color='red',legend=u'????')

    # Show the plot.
    plt.gcf().set_size_inches(18, 8)
    plt.show()



# loading the data

def analyze(context=None, results=None):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import logbook
    logbook.StderrHandler().push_application()
    log = logbook.Logger('Algorithm')

    fig = plt.figure()
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(211)

    results.algorithm_period_return.plot(ax=ax1,color='blue',legend=u'????')
    ax1.set_ylabel(u'??')
    results.benchmark_period_return.plot(ax=ax1,color='red',legend=u'????')

    plt.show()

# capital_base is the base value of capital
#

def writeBinaray(outputFile, imagePath, label):
    img = Image.open(imagePath)
    img = img.resize((imageSize, imageSize), PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS)
    img = (np.array(img))

    r = img[:,:,0].flatten()
    g = img[:,:,1].flatten()
    b = img[:,:,2].flatten()
    label = [label]

    out = np.array(list(label) + list(r) + list(g) + list(b), np.uint8)
    outputFile.write(out.tobytes())

    # if you want to show the encoded image. set up 'debugEncodedImage' flag
    if debugEncodedImage:
        showImage(r, g, b)

def plot_events_with_event_scores(gt_event_scores, detected_event_scores, ground_truth_events, detected_events, show=True):
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 3))
    for i in range(len(detected_events)):
        d = detected_events[i]
        plt.axvspan(d[0], d[1], 0, 0.5)
        plt.text((d[1] + d[0]) / 2, 0.2, detected_event_scores[i], horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')

    for i in range(len(ground_truth_events)):
        gt = ground_truth_events[i]
        plt.axvspan(gt[0], gt[1], 0.5, 1)
        plt.text((gt[1] + gt[0]) / 2, 0.8, gt_event_scores[i], horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')

    plt.tight_layout()

    if show:
        plt.show()
    else:
        plt.draw()

def main():
    fish = loadmat('./data/fish.mat')

    X1 = np.zeros((fish['X'].shape[0], fish['X'].shape[1] + 1))
    X1[:,:-1] = fish['X']
    X2 = np.ones((fish['X'].shape[0], fish['X'].shape[1] + 1))
    X2[:,:-1] = fish['X']
    X = np.vstack((X1, X2))

    Y1 = np.zeros((fish['Y'].shape[0], fish['Y'].shape[1] + 1))
    Y1[:,:-1] = fish['Y']
    Y2 = np.ones((fish['Y'].shape[0], fish['Y'].shape[1] + 1))
    Y2[:,:-1] = fish['Y']
    Y = np.vstack((Y1, Y2))

    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
    callback = partial(visualize, ax=ax)

    reg = affine_registration(X, Y)
    reg.register(callback)
    plt.show()

def make_new_pie_from_callers(callers, call_name=None):
    # plot the stats
    fig, ax = plt.subplots()

    if call_name:
        ax.set_title('Breakdown of {} callees'.format(call_name))

    labels, sizes, callbacks = make_pie_from_callers(callers)
    wedges, _ = ax.pie(sizes, labels=labels)

    for w in wedges:
        w.set_picker(True)

    def onclick(evt):
        l = evt.artist.get_label()
        cb = callbacks[l]
        if cb:
            if l == 'other':
                l = '{}/other'.format(call_name)
            make_new_pie_from_callers(cb, call_name=l)


    fig.canvas.mpl_connect('pick_event', onclick)
    ax.axis('equal')
    plt.show()

def main():
    parser = generate_parser()
    args = parser.parse_args()
    infile1 = h5py.File(args.input1, 'r')
    infile2 = h5py.File(args.input2, 'r')
    resolutions = numpy.intersect1d(infile1['resolutions'][...], infile2['resolutions'][...])
    chroms = numpy.intersect1d(infile2['chromosomes'][...], infile2['chromosomes'][...])
    results = {}
    data1 = load_data(infile1, chroms, resolutions)
    data2 = load_data(infile2, chroms, resolutions)
    infile1.close()
    infile2.close()
    results = {}
    results[(args.input1.split('/')[-1].strip('.quasar'), args.input2.split('/')[-1].strip('.quasar'))] = correlate_samples(data1, data2)
    for resolution in data1.keys():
        for chromo in chroms:
            plt.scatter(data1[resolution][chromo][1].flatten(),data2[resolution][chromo][1].flatten(),alpha=0.1,color='red')
            plt.show()
            plt.savefig(args.output+'.res'+str(resolution)+'.chr'+chromo+'.pdf')

def plot_labeled_images_random(image_list, label_list, categories, n, title_str, ypixels, xpixels, seed, filename):
    random.seed(seed)
    index_sample = random.sample(range(len(image_list)), n)
    plt.figure(figsize=(2*n, 2))
    #plt.suptitle(title_str)
    for i, ind in enumerate(index_sample):
        ax = plt.subplot(1, n, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(image_list[ind].reshape(ypixels, xpixels))
        plt.gray()
        ax.set_title(categories[label_list[ind]], fontsize=20)
        ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False); ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
    if 1:
        pylab.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight')
    else:
        plt.show()

# plot_unlabeled_images_random: plots unlabeled images at random

def plot_unlabeled_images_random(image_list, n, title_str, ypixels, xpixels, seed, filename):
    random.seed(seed)
    index_sample = random.sample(range(len(image_list)), n)
    plt.figure(figsize=(2*n, 2))
    plt.suptitle(title_str)
    for i, ind in enumerate(index_sample):
        ax = plt.subplot(1, n, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(image_list[ind].reshape(ypixels, xpixels))
        plt.gray()
        ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False); ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
    if 1:
        pylab.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight')
    else:
        plt.show()

# plot_compare: given test images and their reconstruction, we plot them for visual comparison

def plot_compare(x_test, decoded_imgs, filename):
    n = 10
    plt.figure(figsize=(2*n, 4))
    for i in range(n):
        # display original
        ax = plt.subplot(2, n, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(x_test[i].reshape(28, 28))
        plt.gray()
        ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
        ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)

        # display reconstruction
        ax = plt.subplot(2, n, i + 1 + n)
        plt.imshow(decoded_imgs[i].reshape(28, 28))
        plt.gray()
        ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
        ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)

    if 1:
        pylab.savefig(filename, bbox_inches='tight')
    else:
        plt.show()

# plot_img: plots greyscale image

def plot_traing_info(x, ylist, path):
    """
    Loads log file and plot x and y values as provided by input.
    Saves as <path>/train_log.png
    """
    file_name = os.path.join(path, __train_log_file_name)
    try:
        with open(file_name, "rb") as f:
            log = pickle.load(f)
    except IOError:  # first time
        warnings.warn("There is no {} file here!!!".format(file_name))
        return
    plt.figure()
    x_vals = log[x]
    for y in ylist:
        y_vals = log[y]
        if len(y_vals) != len(x_vals):
            warning.warn("One of y's: {} does not have the same length as x:{}".format(y, x))
        plt.plot(x_vals, y_vals, label=y)
        # assert len(y_vals) == len(x_vals), "not the same len"
    plt.xlabel(x)
    plt.legend()
    #plt.show()
    plt.savefig(file_name[:-3]+'png', bbox_inches='tight')
    plt.close('all')

def plot_confusion_matrix(cm, target_names, title='Confusion matrix', cmap=plt.cm.Greys, block=True):
    # Colormaps: jet, Greys
    cm_normalized = cm.astype(np.float32) / cm.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]
    plt.imshow(cm_normalized, interpolation='nearest', cmap=cmap)

    # Show confidences
    for i, cas in enumerate(cm): 
        for j, c in enumerate(cas): 
            if c > 0: 
                plt.text(j-0.1, i+0.2, c, fontsize=16, fontweight='bold', color='#b70000')

    f = plt.figure(1)
    f.clf()
    plt.title(title)
    plt.colorbar()
    tick_marks = np.arange(len(target_names))
    plt.xticks(tick_marks, target_names, rotation=45)
    plt.yticks(tick_marks, target_names)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.ylabel('True label')
    plt.xlabel('Predicted label')
    plt.show(block=block)

def plot_confusion_matrix(cm, target_names, title='Confusion matrix', cmap=plt.cm.Greys):
    # Colormaps: jet, Greys
    cm_normalized = cm.astype(np.float32) / cm.sum(axis=1)[:, np.newaxis]
    plt.imshow(cm_normalized, interpolation='nearest', cmap=cmap)

    # Show confidences
    for i, cas in enumerate(cm): 
        for j, c in enumerate(cas): 
            if c > 0: 
                plt.text(j-0.1, i+0.2, c, fontsize=16, fontweight='bold', color='#b70000')

    plt.title(title)
    plt.colorbar()
    tick_marks = np.arange(len(target_names))
    plt.xticks(tick_marks, target_names, rotation=45)
    plt.yticks(tick_marks, target_names)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.ylabel('True label')
    plt.xlabel('Predicted label')
    plt.show(block=True)

def plot_single_day_traffic(df):
    y_tj_l1 = df["tj_level1_count"]
    y_tj_l2 = df["tj_level2_count"]
    y_tj_l3 = df["tj_level3_count"]
    y_tj_l4 = df["tj_level4_count"]

    x_time = df["time"]
    x_district = df["district"]

    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
    ax.scatter(x_time, x_district, y_tj_l1, )
    #ax.plot_surface(x_time, x_district, y_tj_l1)
    print(plt.get_backend())
    plt.show()
    plt.savefig("plot_traffic.png")

def plot_3D(img, threshold=-400):
    verts, faces = measure.marching_cubes(img, threshold)

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

    mesh = Poly3DCollection(verts[faces], alpha=0.1)
    face_color = [0.5, 0.5, 1]
    mesh.set_facecolor(face_color)
    ax.add_collection3d(mesh)

    ax.set_xlim(0, img.shape[0])
    ax.set_ylim(0, img.shape[1])
    ax.set_zlim(0, img.shape[2])

    plt.show()

def load_data():
    """Draw the Mott lobes."""

    res = np.load(r'data_%d.npy' % GRID_SIZE)
    x = res[:, 0]
    y = res[:, 1]
    z = []
    for i, entry in enumerate(res):
        z.append(kinetic_energy(entry[2:], -1.))
    plt.pcolor(
        np.reshape(x, (GRID_SIZE, GRID_SIZE)),
        np.reshape(y, (GRID_SIZE, GRID_SIZE)),
        np.reshape(z, (GRID_SIZE, GRID_SIZE))
    )
    plt.xlabel('$dt/U$')
    plt.ylabel('$\mu/U$')
    plt.show()

def plot_ecdf(x, y, xlabel='attribute', legend='x'):
    """
    Plot distribution ECDF
    x should be sorted, y typically from 1/len(x) to 1

    TODO: function should be improved to plot multiple overlayed ecdfs
    """
    plt.plot(x, y, marker='.', linestyle='none')

    # Make nice margins
    plt.margins(0.02)

    # Annotate the plot
    plt.legend((legend,), loc='lower right')
    _ = plt.xlabel(xlabel)
    _ = plt.ylabel('ECDF')

    # Display the plot
    plt.show()

def analyseparamsneighbourhood(svdata, params, includejumps, randomstate):
    parameterndarray = transformparameterndarray(np.array(params), includejumps)
    offsets = np.linspace(-.5, .5, 10)
    for dimension in range(params.dimensioncount):
        xs, ys = [], []
        parametername = params.getdimensionname(dimension)
        print('Perturbing %s...' % parametername)
        for offset in offsets:
            newparameterndarray = np.copy(parameterndarray)
            newparameterndarray[dimension] += offset
            xs.append(inversetransformparameterndarray(newparameterndarray, includejumps)[dimension])
            y = runsvljparticlefilter(svdata, sv.Params(*inversetransformparameterndarray(newparameterndarray, includejumps)), randomstate).stochfilter.loglikelihood
            ys.append(y)
        fig = plt.figure()
        plot = fig.add_subplot(111)
        plot.plot(xs, ys)
        plot.axvline(x=inversetransformparameterndarray(parameterndarray, includejumps)[dimension], color='red')
        plot.set_xlabel(parametername)
        plot.set_ylabel('loglikelihood')
        plt.show()

def show_one_img_mask(data):
    w,h = 1918,1280
    a = randint(0,31)
    path = "../input/test"
    data = np.load(data).item()
    name,masks = data['name'][a],data['pred']
    img = Image.open("%s/%s"%(path,name))
    #img.show()
    plt.imshow(img)
    plt.show()
    mask = np.squeeze(masks[a])
    mask = imresize(mask,[h,w]).astype(np.float32)
    print(mask.shape,mask[0])
    img = Image.fromarray(mask*256)#.resize([w,h])
    plt.imshow(img)
    plt.show()

def plot_beta():
    '''plot beta over training
    '''
    beta = args.beta
    scale = args.scale
    beta_min = args.beta_min
    num_epoch = args.num_epoch
    epoch_size = int(float(args.num_examples) / args.batch_size)

    x = np.arange(num_epoch*epoch_size)
    y = beta * np.power(scale, x)
    y = np.maximum(y, beta_min)
    epoch_x = np.arange(num_epoch) * epoch_size
    epoch_y = beta * np.power(scale, epoch_x)
    epoch_y = np.maximum(epoch_y, beta_min)

    # plot beta descent curve
    plt.semilogy(x, y)
    plt.semilogy(epoch_x, epoch_y, 'ro')
    plt.title('beta descent')
    plt.ylabel('beta')
    plt.xlabel('epoch')
    plt.show()

def test_point_projects_to_edge(self):
        # p = (114.83299055, 26.8892277)
        p = (121.428387, 31.027371)
        a = time.time()
        edges, segments = self.sg.point_projects_to_edges(p, 0.01)
        print(time.time() - a)

        if self.show_plots:
            plt.figure()
            s2g.plot_lines(MultiLineString(segments), color='orange')  # original roads
            for i in range(0, len(edges)):
                s, e = edges[i]
                sxy = self.sg.node_xy[s]
                exy = self.sg.node_xy[e]
                plt.plot([sxy[0], exy[0]], [sxy[1], exy[1]], color='green')  # graph edges
            plt.plot(p[0], p[1], color='red', markersize=12, marker='o')  # bridges
            plt.show()

def plotBestFit(weights):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    dataMat, labelMat =  loadDataSet()
    dataArr =  array(dataMat)
    n = shape(dataArr)[0]
    xcord1 = []; ycord1 = []
    xcord2 = []; ycord2 = []
    for i in range(n):
        if int(labelMat[i]) == 1:
            xcord1.append(dataArr[i, 1]);ycord1.append(dataArr[i, 2])
        else:
            xcord2.append(dataArr[i, 1]);ycord2.append(dataArr[i, 2])
    fig = plt.figure()
    ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
    ax.scatter(xcord1, ycord1, s=30, c='red', marker='s')
    ax.scatter(xcord2, ycord2, s=30, c='green')
    x = arange(-3.0, 3.0, 0.1)
    y = (-weights[0]-weights[1]*x)/weights[2] # ??????
    ax.plot(x, y)
    plt.xlabel('X1');plt.ylabel('X2')
    plt.show()

# ??500???

def createPlot(inTree):
    fig = plt.figure(1, facecolor='white')
    fig.clf()
    axprops = dict(xticks=[], yticks=[])
    createPlot.ax1 = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False, **axprops)    #no ticks
    #createPlot.ax1 = plt.subplot(111, frameon=False) #ticks for demo puropses 
    plotTree.totalW = float(getNumLeafs(inTree))
    plotTree.totalD = float(getTreeDepth(inTree))
    plotTree.xOff = -0.5/plotTree.totalW; plotTree.yOff = 1.0;
    plotTree(inTree, (0.5,1.0), '')
    plt.show()

# def createPlot():
#   fig = plt.figure(1, facecolor='white')
#   fig.clf()
#   createPlot.ax1 = plt.subplot(111, frameon=True)
#   plotNode(U'a decision node',(0.5,0.1), (0.1,0.5), decisionNode)
#   plotNode(U'a leaf node',(0.8,0.1), (0.3,0.8), leafNode)
#   plt.show()

def plotValResults(self, save_path=None, label=None):
        if label is not None:
            accs = self.training_val_results['acc'][label]
            aucs = self.training_val_results['auc'][label]
        else:
            accs = self.training_val_results['acc']
            aucs = self.training_val_results['auc']
        plt.figure()
        plt.plot([i * ACCURACY_LOGGED_EVERY_N_STEPS for i in range(len(accs))], accs)
        plt.plot([i * ACCURACY_LOGGED_EVERY_N_STEPS for i in range(len(aucs))], aucs)
        plt.xlabel('Training step')
        plt.ylabel('Validation accuracy')
        plt.legend(['Accuracy','AUC'])
        if save_path is None:
            plt.show()
        else:
            plt.savefig(save_path)
        plt.close()

def plotValResults(self, save_path=None, label=None):
        if label:
            accs = self.training_val_results_per_task['acc'][label]
            aucs = self.training_val_results_per_task['auc'][label]
        else:
            accs = self.training_val_results['acc']
            aucs = self.training_val_results['auc']
        plt.figure()
        plt.plot([i * self.accuracy_logged_every_n for i in range(len(accs))], accs)
        plt.plot([i * self.accuracy_logged_every_n for i in range(len(aucs))], aucs)
        plt.xlabel('Training step')
        plt.ylabel('Validation accuracy')
        plt.legend(['Accuracy','AUC'])
        if save_path is None:
            plt.show()
        else:
            plt.savefig(save_path)

def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename='tsne.png'):
    assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), "More labels than embeddings"
    plt.figure(figsize=(18, 18))  # in inches
    x = low_dim_embs[:, 0]
    y = low_dim_embs[:, 1]
    plt.scatter(x, y)
    for i, label in enumerate(labels):
        x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
        plt.annotate(label,
                     xy=(x, y),
                     xytext=(5, 2),
                     textcoords='offset points',
                     ha='right',
                     va='bottom')
    plt.show()
    # plt.savefig(filename)

def mfi(df):
    df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df.date)

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 9))
    gs = GridSpec(3, 1) # 2 rows, 3 columns
    fig.suptitle(df['date'][-1:].values[0])
    fig.set_label('MFI')
    price = fig.add_subplot(gs[:2, 0])
    price.plot(df['date'], df['close'], color='blue')

    indicator = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 0], sharex=price)
    indicator.plot(df['date'], df['mfi'], c='pink')
    indicator.plot(df['date'], [20.]*len(df['date']), c='green')
    indicator.plot(df['date'], [80.]*len(df['date']), c='orange')

    price.grid(True)
    indicator.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def atr(df):
    '''
    Average True Range
    :param df:
    :return:
    '''
    df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df.date)

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 9))
    gs = GridSpec(3, 1) # 2 rows, 3 columns
    fig.suptitle(df['date'][-1:].values[0])
    fig.set_label('ATR')
    price = fig.add_subplot(gs[:2, 0])
    price.plot(df['date'], df['close'], color='blue')

    indicator = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 0], sharex=price)
    indicator.plot(df['date'], df['atr'], c='pink')
    # indicator.plot(df['date'], [20.]*len(df['date']), c='green')
    # indicator.plot(df['date'], [80.]*len(df['date']), c='orange')

    price.grid(True)
    indicator.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def rocr(df):
    '''
    Average True Range
    :param df:
    :return:
    '''
    df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df.date)

    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 9))
    gs = GridSpec(3, 1) # 2 rows, 3 columns
    fig.suptitle(df['date'][-1:].values[0])
    fig.set_label('ATR')
    price = fig.add_subplot(gs[:2, 0])
    price.plot(df['date'], df['close'], color='blue')

    indicator = fig.add_subplot(gs[2, 0], sharex=price)
    indicator.plot(df['date'], df['rocr'], c='pink')
    # indicator.plot(df['date'], [20.]*len(df['date']), c='green')
    # indicator.plot(df['date'], [80.]*len(df['date']), c='orange')

    price.grid(True)
    indicator.grid(True)
    plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def main():
    losses   = []
    accuracy = []
    for echo in xrange(4000):
        logger.info('Iteration = {}'.format(echo))
        train_data = simulator(M=20)

        print train_data['text'][-1]

        loss       = learner(train_data, fr=0.)
        losses.append(loss)
        accuracy  += train_data['acc']

        if echo % 100 == 99:
            plt.plot(accuracy)
            plt.show()

    # pkl.dump(losses, open('losses.temp.pkl'))

def main():
    losses   = []
    accuracy = []
    for echo in xrange(4000):
        logger.info('Iteration = {}'.format(echo))
        train_data = simulator(M=20)

        print train_data['text'][-1]

        loss       = learner(train_data, fr=0.)
        losses.append(loss)
        accuracy  += train_data['acc']

        if echo % 100 == 99:
            plt.plot(accuracy)
            plt.show()

    # pkl.dump(losses, open('losses.temp.pkl'))

def pieGraph(data_count):
    """
    Graph's a pie graph of the data with count values; Only includes data that appears more than once!
    Parameter: -data_count: dict
    """
    names, count = [], []
    for val, key in data_count.items():
        if key > 1:
            names.append(val)
            count.append(key)

    fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()
    ax1.pie(count, labels=names, autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=90)
    ax1.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle.
    # plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def pie_graph(data_count):
    """
    Graph's a pie graph of the data with count values (only shows schools that appear more than once)
    Parameter: -data_count: dict
    """
    names, count = [], []
    for val, key in data_count.items():
        if key > 1:
            names.append(val)
            count.append(key)

    fig1, ax1 = plt.subplots()
    ax1.pie(count, labels=names, autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=90)
    ax1.axis('equal')  # Equal aspect ratio ensures that pie is drawn as a circle.
    # plt.tight_layout()
    plt.show()

def barGraph(data_count):

    names, count_in = [], []
    data_count = sorted(data_count.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
    for i in data_count:
        names.append(i[0])
        count_in.append(i[-1])

    plt.rcdefaults()
    fig, ax = plt.subplots()
    y_pos = np.arange(len(names))
    ax.barh(y_pos, count_in, align='center',
            color='green', ecolor='black')
    ax.set_yticks(y_pos)
    ax.set_yticklabels(names)
    ax.invert_yaxis()  # labels read top-to-bottom
    ax.set_xlabel('Categories')
    ax.set_title('# of job titles in each category')
    plt.show()

def plot_training_parameters(self):
        fr = open("training_param.csv", "r")
        fr.readline()
        lines = fr.readlines()
        fr.close()
        n = 100
        nu = np.empty(n, dtype=np.float64)
        gamma = np.empty(n, dtype=np.float64)
        diff = np.empty([n, n], dtype=np.float64)
        for row in range(len(lines)):
            m = lines[row].strip().split(",")
            i = row / n
            j = row % n
            nu[i] = Decimal(m[0])
            gamma[j] = Decimal(m[1])
            diff[i][j] = Decimal(m[2])
        plt.pcolor(gamma, nu, diff, cmap="coolwarm")
        plt.title("The Difference of Guassian Classifier with Different nu, gamma")
        plt.xlabel("gamma")
        plt.ylabel("nu")
        plt.xscale("log")
        plt.yscale("log")
        plt.colorbar()
        plt.show()

def visualize_gt_roidb(imdb, gt_roidb):
    """
    visualize gt roidb
    :param imdb: the imdb to be visualized
    :param gt_roidb: [image_index]['boxes', 'gt_classes', 'gt_overlaps', 'flipped']
    :return: None
    """
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import skimage.io
    for i in range(len(gt_roidb)):
        im_path = imdb.image_path_from_index(imdb.image_set_index[i])
        im = skimage.io.imread(im_path)
        roi_rec = gt_roidb[i]
        plt.imshow(im)
        for bbox, gt_class, overlap in zip(roi_rec['boxes'], roi_rec['gt_classes'], roi_rec['gt_overlaps']):
            box = plt.Rectangle((bbox[0], bbox[1]),
                                bbox[2] - bbox[0],
                                bbox[3] - bbox[1], fill=False,
                                edgecolor='g', linewidth=3)
            plt.gca().add_patch(box)
            plt.gca().text(bbox[0], bbox[1], imdb.classes[gt_class] + ' {}'.format(overlap[0, gt_class]), color='w')
        plt.show()

def vis_detections(im, class_name, dets, thresh=0.3):
    """Visual debugging of detections."""
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    im = im[:, :, (2, 1, 0)]
    for i in xrange(np.minimum(10, dets.shape[0])):
        bbox = dets[i, :4]
        score = dets[i, -1]
        if score > thresh:
            plt.cla()
            plt.imshow(im)
            plt.gca().add_patch(
                plt.Rectangle((bbox[0], bbox[1]),
                              bbox[2] - bbox[0],
                              bbox[3] - bbox[1], fill=False,
                              edgecolor='g', linewidth=3)
                )
            plt.title('{}  {:.3f}'.format(class_name, score))
            plt.show()