Java 8流 Java 8默认方法 Java 8可选类 Stream是Java 8中引入的一个新的抽象层。使用流,您可以使用类似于SQL语句的声明方式处理数据。例如,请考虑以下SQL语句。 SELECT max(salary), employee_id, employee_name FROM Employee 上面的SQL表达式会自动返回最大薪水员工的详细信息,而不会对开发人员做任何计算。在Java中使用集合框架,开发人员必须使用循环并进行重复检查。另一个问题是效率; 由于多核处理器可以轻松实现,因此Java开发人员必须编写并行代码处理,这些处理可能非常容易出错。 为了解决这些问题,Java 8引入了流的概念,使开发人员可以声明式地处理数据并利用多核体系结构,而无需为其编写任何特定的代码。 什么是Stream? 流代表来自源的一系列对象,它支持聚合操作。以下是Stream的特点 - 元素序列 - 流以顺序方式提供一组特定类型的元素。 流按需获取/计算元素。它从不存储元素。 Source - Stream将Collections,Arrays或I / O资源作为输入源。 聚合操作 - Stream支持聚合操作,如过滤器,映射,限制,减少,查找,匹配等。 流水线 - 大多数流操作本身返回流,以便它们的结果可以流水线化。 这些操作被称为中间操作,它们的功能是接受输入,处理它们,并将输出返回给目标。collect()方法是终端操作,通常在流水线操作结束时出现以标记流的结束。 自动迭代 - 流操作通过所提供的源元素在内部执行迭代,与需要显式迭代的集合相反。 生成流 使用Java 8,Collection接口有两种方法来生成Stream。 stream() - 返回考虑集合作为源的顺序流。 parallelStream() - 返回并行流考虑集合作为其源。 List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl"); List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList()); 的forEach Stream已经提供了一个新的方法forEach来遍历流的每个元素。以下代码段显示如何使用forEach打印10个随机数。 Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println); map map方法用于将每个元素映射到其相应的结果。以下代码段使用映射打印唯一的数字正方形。 List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5); //get list of unique squares List<Integer> squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i -> i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList()); 过滤 “过滤器”方法用于根据标准消除元素。以下代码段使用过滤器打印空字符串的计数。 List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl"); //get count of empty string int count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count(); 限制 “限制”方法用于减少流的大小。以下代码段显示如何使用限制打印10个随机数。 Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).forEach(System.out::println); 分类 'sorted'方法用于对流进行排序。以下代码段显示如何以排序顺序打印10个随机数。 Random random = new Random(); random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println); 并行处理 parallelStream是并行处理流的替代方案。看看下面的代码段,它使用parallelStream输出空字符串的计数。 List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl"); //get count of empty string int count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count(); 在顺序流和并行流之间切换非常容易。 收藏家 收集器用于组合流的元素的处理结果。收集器可用于返回列表或字符串。 List<String>strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl"); List<String> filtered = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered); String mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string -> !string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", ")); System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString); 统计 使用Java 8时,引入统计信息收集器来计算流处理完成时的所有统计信息。 List numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5); IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) -> x).summaryStatistics(); System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax()); System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin()); System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum()); System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage()); 流示例 使用您选择的任何编辑器(例如C:> JAVA)创建以下Java程序。 Java8Tester.java import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.IntSummaryStatistics; import java.util.List; import java.util.Random; import java.util.stream.Collectors; import java.util.Map; public class Java8Tester { public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.println("Using Java 7: "); // Count empty strings List<String> strings = Arrays.asList("abc", "", "bc", "efg", "abcd","", "jkl"); System.out.println("List: " +strings); long count = getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(strings); System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count); count = getCountLength3UsingJava7(strings); System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count); //Eliminate empty string List<String> filtered = deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(strings); System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered); //Eliminate empty string and join using comma. String mergedString = getMergedStringUsingJava7(strings,", "); System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString); List<Integer> numbers = Arrays.asList(3, 2, 2, 3, 7, 3, 5); //get list of square of distinct numbers List<Integer> squaresList = getSquares(numbers); System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList); List<Integer> integers = Arrays.asList(1,2,13,4,15,6,17,8,19); System.out.println("List: " +integers); System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + getMax(integers)); System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + getMin(integers)); System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + getSum(integers)); System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + getAverage(integers)); System.out.println("Random Numbers: "); //print ten random numbers Random random = new Random(); for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(random.nextInt()); } System.out.println("Using Java 8: "); System.out.println("List: " +strings); count = strings.stream().filter(string->string.isEmpty()).count(); System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count); count = strings.stream().filter(string -> string.length() == 3).count(); System.out.println("Strings of length 3: " + count); filtered = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("Filtered List: " + filtered); mergedString = strings.stream().filter(string ->!string.isEmpty()).collect(Collectors.joining(", ")); System.out.println("Merged String: " + mergedString); squaresList = numbers.stream().map( i ->i*i).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList()); System.out.println("Squares List: " + squaresList); System.out.println("List: " +integers); IntSummaryStatistics stats = integers.stream().mapToInt((x) ->x).summaryStatistics(); System.out.println("Highest number in List : " + stats.getMax()); System.out.println("Lowest number in List : " + stats.getMin()); System.out.println("Sum of all numbers : " + stats.getSum()); System.out.println("Average of all numbers : " + stats.getAverage()); System.out.println("Random Numbers: "); random.ints().limit(10).sorted().forEach(System.out::println); //parallel processing count = strings.parallelStream().filter(string -> string.isEmpty()).count(); System.out.println("Empty Strings: " + count); } private static int getCountEmptyStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings) { int count = 0; for(String string: strings) { if(string.isEmpty()) { count++; } } return count; } private static int getCountLength3UsingJava7(List<String> strings) { int count = 0; for(String string: strings) { if(string.length() == 3) { count++; } } return count; } private static List<String> deleteEmptyStringsUsingJava7(List<String> strings) { List<String> filteredList = new ArrayList<String>(); for(String string: strings) { if(!string.isEmpty()) { filteredList.add(string); } } return filteredList; } private static String getMergedStringUsingJava7(List<String> strings, String separator) { StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(); for(String string: strings) { if(!string.isEmpty()) { stringBuilder.append(string); stringBuilder.append(separator); } } String mergedString = stringBuilder.toString(); return mergedString.substring(0, mergedString.length()-2); } private static List<Integer> getSquares(List<Integer> numbers) { List<Integer> squaresList = new ArrayList<Integer>(); for(Integer number: numbers) { Integer square = new Integer(number.intValue() * number.intValue()); if(!squaresList.contains(square)) { squaresList.add(square); } } return squaresList; } private static int getMax(List<Integer> numbers) { int max = numbers.get(0); for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) { Integer number = numbers.get(i); if(number.intValue() > max) { max = number.intValue(); } } return max; } private static int getMin(List<Integer> numbers) { int min = numbers.get(0); for(int i= 1;i < numbers.size();i++) { Integer number = numbers.get(i); if(number.intValue() < min) { min = number.intValue(); } } return min; } private static int getSum(List numbers) { int sum = (int)(numbers.get(0)); for(int i = 1;i < numbers.size();i++) { sum += (int)numbers.get(i); } return sum; } private static int getAverage(List<Integer> numbers) { return getSum(numbers) / numbers.size(); } } 验证结果 使用 javac 编译器编译类,如下所示 - C:\JAVA>javac Java8Tester.java 现在运行Java8Tester,如下所示 - C:\JAVA>java Java8Tester 它应该产生以下结果 - Using Java 7: List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl] Empty Strings: 2 Strings of length 3: 3 Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl] Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25] List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19] Highest number in List : 19 Lowest number in List : 1 Sum of all numbers : 85 Average of all numbers : 9 Random Numbers: -1279735475 903418352 -1133928044 -1571118911 628530462 18407523 -881538250 -718932165 270259229 421676854 Using Java 8: List: [abc, , bc, efg, abcd, , jkl] Empty Strings: 2 Strings of length 3: 3 Filtered List: [abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl] Merged String: abc, bc, efg, abcd, jkl Squares List: [9, 4, 49, 25] List: [1, 2, 13, 4, 15, 6, 17, 8, 19] Highest number in List : 19 Lowest number in List : 1 Sum of all numbers : 85 Average of all numbers : 9.444444444444445 Random Numbers: -1009474951 -551240647 -2484714 181614550 933444268 1227850416 1579250773 1627454872 1683033687 1798939493 Empty Strings: 2 Java 8默认方法 Java 8可选类